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chosen by the free vote of the governed a selectman, or in the words of the town record, one of those "who were to manage the affairs of the town." Citizens of high repute were elected. They exercised very considerable powers and were recognized leaders in the community. The names of the most distinguished men in the colony appear on the lists of selectJohn Coggeshall promised, August 6, 1636, to pay yearly the sum of eight shillings four pence" towards the maintenance of a free schoolmaster, for Mr. David Maude being now appointed thereunto." This was the beginning of the Boston Latin school. There are forty-four subscribers on the list copied from the town records, and twenty-five subscribed less, eighteen more, and one the same amount that Mr. Coggeshall paid. In 1634 Mrs. Ann Hutchinson, a woman of brilliant intellectual gifts, unusually well informed, especially on theological subjects, of persuasive eloquence and fascinating manners, arrived in Boston. She emigrated to New Engiand principally because she wished to be near her former pastor, Mr. Cotton. Yet the time came when she and others, who, as Cotton Mather says, had followed their ministers "three thousand miles through ten thousand dangers, took up such prejudices, not only against their doctrines but against their persons also, that they did never hear them or see them any more."* Some of Mrs. Hutchinson's fellow-passengers across the Atlantic had been shocked and repelled by doctrines promulgated by her on shipboard in regard to the Bible, the Sabbath, the Holy Spirit, direct revelations from heaven Magnalia.

received by individuals, conscious divine guidance, the Christian's superiority to law, theories of the church, civil government and the right of private judgment, which seemed to them heretical or fanatical. She was a singular combination of the mystic and the sensible New England matron, and in her character blended the traits of an enthusiastically devout Madame Guyon and a practically benevolent Lucretia Mott. She received the sobriquet of "the Non Such," an anagram† formed from the letters of her name, which her opponents said expressed in a word the position among religious teachers which she and her friends assumed that she held. In 1636 her brother-in-law and disciple, the Rev. John Wheelwright, who was a graduate of Cambridge university. and a friend and classmate of Oliver Cromwell, and who had been driven from the pastorate of the church at Boston, Lincolnshire, by Archbishop Laud, came to Massachusetts and was settled as pastor at Braintree. With these two persons Mr. Coggeshall was intimately associated. They belonged to the class of new emigrants who were not heartily in sympathy with the policy of the first settlers, who, as Bancroft says, "had founded their government on the basis of the church and church membership, and church membership could only be obtained by the favor of the clergy and an exemplary life. They dreaded unlimited freedom as the parent of ruinous divisions." It is rather singular that their choice of a theocracy as their form of government was due in great measure to the advice and assistance of Mr. Cotton, the former teacher of Mrs. MARY D. STEELE, Hutchinson.

+ The Puritans were very fond of anagrams. The letters of the names of prominent Boston ministers were changed about and forced to form words describing their character.

[To be continued.]

PITTSBURGH IN 1829.

Ir does not seem a very ancient date to recur to, yet 1829 is nearly sixty years away, and a great deal may be comprised, among a growing people, in even so short a space as sixty years. The census of 1830, when compared with that to be made in 1890, will show a growth indicating the earlier period as one of apparently great antiquity. In 1829 Allegheny county, of which Pittsburgh is a part, was conjoined to Butler. and Armstrong counties to form a single congressional district, whilst Washington county, also adjoining, was a district by itself. For a long period prior to 1830 Washington exceeded Allegheny in population; to-day, Washington is but little larger in population than she was in 1830, while Allegheny now makes two full congressional districts and part of a third.

It was in 1829, then, I first saw Pittsburgh. My parents removed from New York city to New Jersey in 1827, and in 1829 moved finally to this city, of which, nearly ever since, I have been a resident.

There was but little choice then in the modes of transit. There was a stage line from Philadelphia, and the canal offered another way, but neither was well adapted to the wants of a family removal. The other methods were on horseback, by wagon and on foot. Our choice was by wagon. We had a two-horse Jersey wagon, into which was packed all it could well carry. The

young ones walked half the day and rode the other half, by turns. We made the transit in two weeks, at a daily average of about twenty-five miles, crossing the Delaware at Easton, and passing through Bethlehem, Allentown, Reading and Lebanon to Harrisburg, from whence we followed the stage road through Carlisle, Chambersburg and Bedford to Pittsburgh.

It was early autumn, I remember, and the country from Easton to Bedford was, as it is now and has been ever since that time, the garden spot of Pennsylvania. The farms are smaller now, the houses more numerous, and the towns larger; but the general aspect of everything was pretty much then what it is now-picturesque and fruitful, with a pervading air of comfort and thrift. From Bedford westward to Greensburg the road was mountainous and rough.

We reached Pittsburgh on a pleasant, clear day, so that we did not see it at its worst; but oh! the misery of that sight! It turned a cheerful frame of mind into a spell of the blues, from which I did not recover for some time. After traveling for two weeks through white, clean, cheerful-looking villages and towns, to come all at once upon dirty streets and dark, filthy looking houses stretching away in rows continuously ahead and enveloped in an atmosphere of smoke and soot which blackened everything in sight, was not a

pleasant transition. It did not make me homesick; but if there had been any place that I knew of that I could safely have run off to, I should certainly have run away. Consequently I have never since wondered at strangers for the aversion which a first sight of Pittsburgh generally awakens in in them. There was not so much smoke then, comparatively, as there has been since, but very much more than there is now since natural gas has supplanted coal; but there was enough to cover everything with a dingy pall and besmirch everything with soot. As in similar cases, I soon became familiar with my environment and reconciled to it, and in a comparatively short time the gloom and melancholy which a first sight of the city awakened passed away never

to return.

The stranger approaching the city now by the same route I did, would reach it about seven miles out from the point where the Ohio river begins, whilst the spot where I first met houses close together was but little more than a mile from the same spot. In fact, there is not now one-seventh of the present population within the city limits as there was in 1829, but very much larger proportion of the business is carried on within the old city limits. The present population is more than ten times as large now as then.

When the old proprietary government of the Penns came to an end in Pennsylvania, the proprietary claim of the Penns to the territory of the state was extinguished by a mutual agreement, the Penns reserving the title to them

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selves in a certain number of "manors in various parts of the commonwealth. One of these "manors" covers the site of the old city of Pittsburgh. It was surveyed in 1769, and embraced the delta between the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, as they approach their conjunction, and extended nearly a mile up each river, including besides a portion of Coal Hill, on the south side of the Monongahela and Ohio and now embraced within the present city limits.

The Penns had the delta between the rivers surveyed for a town site in 1788, and it extended up the Monongahela from the Point to Grant street, a square above the present Monongahela house; thence followed Grant street over Grant's hill to Liberty street, near the present Union railroad depot; thence by a straight line to the Allegheny river, and thence back to the Point. A suburb, known as "Bayardstown," or the "Northern Liberties," had grown up on the east, but with this exception the town of Pittsburgh was confined, in 1829, to the limits of the town laid off by the Penns. The city proper, when I first knew it, was divided into four wards, the East, West, North and South, and it had remained so from 1816, when the borough of Pittsburgh, formed in 1804, was changed into a city. The "Northern Liberties" was changed into the Fifth ward and added to the city in 1837, and shortly afterwards the adjoining territory up to the Two Mile run on the Allegheny, and extending across to the Monongahela, was added, and the wards increased to twelve. 1867 the line was extended still further

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eastward, the wards thereby being increased to twenty-three, and in 1872 the boroughs on the south side of the Monongahela were taken in, the total of wards increasing to thirty-six.

The city was gradually growing up outside the old city limits, in 1829, and its growth was healthy but slow. It was so slow, in fact, that while the census of 1840 showed a population of forty-eight thousand, that of 1850 was. but fifty thousand, showing an increase of but two thousand. This, however, was not a fair test, for the new population up to and beyond 1850, found an outlet on the south side and beyond the then city limits on the east, so that the real increase was first shown partially by the census of 1870, and more fully by that of 1880. And not truly or fully by that, unless Allegheny City is taken into account; for, although Allegheny City is a separate municipality, it is as much a part of Pittsburgh as Brooklyn is of New York.

In 1829 Allegheny was quite small, and was that year made a borough. It was laid out upon a very small scale, the original plot containing but one hundred lots, sixty by two hundred and forty feet. I do not know what the intentions of its founders were. It was laid out as part of the "Reserve tract," a large strip of territory reserved by the state to be sold for the benefit of some of its creditors. The legislature, about the time this reservation was made, and in the act passed in 1788 creating the county out of Westmoreland and Washington, directed the trustees appointed by it to erect the court-house and jail

on this "Reserve tract." It may possibly have thought, with some travelers who visited Pittsburgh as early as 1783, that the place never would amount to much; but probably it was because the state had no property of its own in Pittsburgh, and had in the "Reserve tract." tract." That part of the act, however, was repealed the next year, and Pittsburgh was then made the county-seat. Mr. John Wilkins, who visited here in 1783, said: "Pittsburgh, I believe, will never be very considerable." The portion nearest the river was laid off into what was called "inlots," each holder of which had an equal and undivided share in the "outlots," reserved for pasture exclusively for the use of "inlot" holders. Whatever the purpose was, it failed. The outlots became waste land, on which very scanty pasturage grew-a mere commons, free to all and useful to no one. Eventually the more enterprising inlot holders projected the conversion of the unsightly commons into a park, to which the consent of all the inlot holders was necessary and was obtained, and by a liberal expenditure of money, borrowed for that purpose, a very beautiful park has been made and successfully continued. In the meantime, Allegheny has become a city, has greatly enlarged her boundaries, and claims now a population of about one hundred thousand. The Pittsburgh people claim a population of three hundred thousand, but as both claims are probably exaggerated, it is safe to say that the two cities have now a population of three hundred and fifty thousand, and, in 1829, the

total of both did not exceed thirtyfive thousand. Besides this, the large, populous and growing boroughs of Homestead, Braddock and McKeesport are practically a part of the city. Braddock and McKeesport are as large as many cities are, and the three swell the total population to at least four hundred thousand. Other cities have shown a more rapid growth, but none so steady, so continuous and so substantial.

The original plan of Pittsburgh embraced two streets, Liberty and Penn, running parallel to the Allegheny, nine streets running parallel to the Monongahela, six streets running from the Monongahela to Liberty street, at right angles to the Monongahela but diagonally to Liberty street, and seven streets from Liberty street to the Allegheny river. The lots were originally sixty by two hundred and forty, and where the squares were nine hundred and sixty feet alleys intervened half way. Thus each lot faced sixty feet on either a street or an alley.

On looking at the original plan of lots, one is struck with the irreconcilability of the plan with the wants of the city as developed by its growth. The business of the city has grown up largely upon the streets running from the Monongahela to Liberty street, but is gradually extending to the streets running parallel to the Monongahela. Market, Wood, Smithfield and Grant are all occupied with stores, whilst only one of the other streets referred to has become a street of stores. Yet the lots, as laid out, all face the streets running

parallel to the Monongahela, and not one faces the streets upon which business has finally centered. As a consequence, the business stores and warehouses on Market, Wood, Smithfield and Grant streets are built upon sixtyfeet lots which face upon the cross streets, and fill out their length upon the business streets. If any landlord wants to deepen his warehouse to eighty, one hundred or one hundred and twenty feet, he has to buy the parallel lot or lots behind him.

Another peculiarity of the plan is that Penn street, which was, at the time the plan was made, the only outlet of the city to the east, is comparatively narrow, whilst Liberty street, running parallel to it, is very wide. Market street, on which was the court-house and market, is very narrow, whilst Wood, Smithfield and Grant streets are all wide as compared with Market. The street along the Monongahela was called Water street, and the parallel street, immediately next to it, was called Front street, and the other streets parallel to them were numbered from two to eight, inclusive. [These streets are now called "avenues,” and the short streets from Liberty to the Allegheny are called "streets," and numbered from one upwards.] Of the streets parallel with the Monongahela, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh are fairly wide, whilst Front, Second, Third and Fourth are uncomfortably narrow. What could have been the idea in the heads of the proprietors and their surveyor for this diversity in the width of the streets and for facing the lots in what

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