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WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZES.

[Prepared for The Daily News Almanac by B. Lofgren, chief clerk of the Nobel foundation.]

PHYSICS.

1901-William Conrad Roentgen, professor of physics at the University of Munich, for his discovery of the rays bearing his name. 1902-Divided equally between Henrik Anton Lorentz. professor of physics at the University of Leyden, and Peter Zeeman, professor of physics at the University of Amsterdam, for their researches in the effects of magnetism on the phenomena of radiation.

1903-Half to Antoine Henri Becquerel, professor of physics at the Ecole Polytechnique and at the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, member Institute Francaise, in recognition of his discovery of spontaneous radio-activity; half to Pierre Curie, professor of physics at the University of Paris (Sorbonne) and teacher in physics at the Paris Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry, and his wife, Marie Sklodovska Curie, preceptress at the Higher Normal School for Young Girls at Sevres, as an acknowledgment of the extraordinary merit they have acquired through the work which they have done in common in connection with the radiation phenomena discovered by Prof. Henri Becquerel.' 1904-Lord Rayleigh, professor of natural philosophy, Royal Institution of Great Britain, London, for his investigation of the constituent elements of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with that investigation.

1905-Philippe Lenard, professor of physics at the Physical Institute of Kiel, for his investigation of the cathode rays and recognition of his excellent works on "Electricity in Waterfalls," "The Cathode Rays and Their Electric Action on Gases," "The Bringing Out of Cathode Rays from Ultraviolet Light" and others. 1906-J. J. Thomson, professor of experimental physics at the University of Cambridge, England, for his researches extending over many years into the nature of electricity.

CHEMISTRY.

1901-Jakob Hendrik van't Hoff, professor of chemistry in the University of Berlin, for discovering the laws of chemical dynamics and of osmotic pressure in solutions.

1902-Emil Fischer, professor of chemistry in the University of Berlin, for his synthetic works within the sugar and purine groups. 1903-Svante August Arrhenius, professor at the University of Stockholm, for elaborating and demonstrating his theory of electrolytic dissociation, and thus promoting the development of chemistry.

1904-Sir William Ramsay, professor of chemistry in the University college, London, in recognition of his merit in discovering atmospheric gases and determining their place in the periodic sys

tem.

1905-Adolf von Baeyer, professor of chemistry at Munich, for his recent discoveries of the green coloring matter "coerulein" and red coloring matter "eosin" and of "indol" and of his discovery of the process to make artificial indigo blue. He is the world's most noted student of synthetic chemistry and has in the last few years discovered a great number of processes of value to the industrial world. 1906-H. Moissan, professor of chemistry at the Sorbonne, Paris, for his experiments in the isolation of fluorine, his researches regarding the nature of that element and his application of the electric furnace to the service of science.

MEDICINE.

1901-Emil Adolf von Behring, professor of hygiene and medical history at the University of Marburg, Prussia, for his works on serum therapeutics, with especial reference to diphtheria.

1902-Donald Ross, professor of tropical medicine at the University college of Liverpool, for his discovery of the cause and cure of malaria. 1903-Niels Ryberg Finsen, professor of medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark, for his work in treating diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light rays.

1904-Ivan Petrovic Pawlow, professor of physiology in the Military Academy of Medicine, St. Petersburg, in recognition of his work in the physiology of the digestion.

1905-Robert Koch, member of the Royal Academy of Science, Berlin, for his bacteriologic discoveries, as for example his tuberculine; also for his works on bacteriologic researches with special reference to cholera and tuberculosis. 1906-Profs. Ramon y Cajal and Camillo Golgi of the Pavia university, Italy, for their works dealing with the anatomy of the nervous system. LITERATURE.

1901-Rene Francois Armand Sully-Prudhomme, member of the French academy, for poetical works exhibiting the highest idealism and artistic perfection as well as a rare union of the qualities of heart and genius.

1902-Theodor Mommsen, a professor of history at the University of Berlin, as the "greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special regard to his monumental work 'Romische Geschicte.'

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1903-Bjornstjerne Bjornson, author, Norway, "as a token of recognition of his noble, grand and many sided work as a classic writer, which work has always been characterized simultaneously by the freshness of inspiration and a rare purity of soul."

1904-Half to Frederic Mistral for the originality and art of his poetry and for his important labors in Provencal philology; half to Jose Echegaray in recognition of his comprehensive and skillful work as an author, by which he revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama. 1905-Henryk Sienkiewicz, the author of the famous book "Quo Vadis?" for his ability to picture the first Christians in the realistic colors of the olden time.

1906-Prof. Giosue Carducci of Bologna, Italy, for his poems and literary essays.

PEACE.

1901-Divided equally between Henri Dunant, founder of the International Red Cross Society of Geneva, and Frederic Passay, founder of the first French peace association, the "Societe Francaise pour l'Arbitrage Entre Nations." 1902-Divided equally between Elie Ducommun, secretary of the international peace bureau at Bern, and Albert Gobat, chief of the interparliamentary peace bureau at Bern. 1903-William Randal Cremer, M. P., secretary of the International Arbitration league, London. 1904 The Institute of International Right, a scientific association founded in 1873 in Ghent, Belgium.

1995-Baroness Bertha von Suttner for her splendid literary work written in the interest of the world's peace movement.

1906-Theodore Roosevelt, president of the United States, for the part he took in bringing the Russo-Japanese war to an end. Money set apart by the president for the establishment of a permanent industrial peace commission.

The prizes are awarded on the 10th of December of each year. In 1901 each prize was $40,409.64; 1902, $38,014.97; in 1903, $37,883.82; in 1904, $37,344.10 in 1905, $37,442.10; in 1906, $38,296.

An official account of the origin of the Nobel prize fund will be found on page 108 of The Chicago Daily News Almanac and Year-Book for 1904.

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER'S GIFTS FOR EDUCATION.

In June, 1905, John D. Rockefeller gave $10,000,000 to the general education board for the purposes of higher education. In February, 1907, he gave the same body $32,000,000 for the same purpose. The gift was announced in the following letter:

"New York, Feb. 6.General Education Board, 54 Williams Street, New York City-Gentlemen: My father authorizes me to say that on or before April 1, 1907, he will give to the general board income-bearing securities the present market value of which is about thirtytwo million dollars ($32. 000,000), one-third to be added to the permanent endowment of the board, two-thirds to be applied to such specific objects within the corporate purposes of the board as either he or I may from ROCKEFEL- time to time direct, any remainder not so designated at the death of the survivor to be added also to the permanent endowment of the board.

JOHN D. LER.

"JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR."

The board accepted the gift and addressed the following letter to the donor:

"The general education board acknowledges the receipt of the communication of Feb. 6, 1907, from Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., a member of this body, announcing your decision to give the board for the purpose of its organization securities of the current value of thirty-two million dollars ($32,000,000). The general education board accepts this gift with a deep sense of gratitude to you and of responsibility to society. The sum, added to the eleven millions ($11,000,000) which you have formerly given to this board, makes the general eaucation board the guardian and administrator of a total trust fund of forty-three million dollars ($43,000,000).

"This is the largest sum ever given by a man in the history of the race for any social or philanthropic purpose. The board congratulates you upon the high and wise impulse which has moved you to this deed, and desires to thank you, in behalf of all educational interests whose developments it will advance, in behalf of our country, whose civilization for all time it should be made to strengthen and elevate, and in behalf of mankind everywhere, in whose interests it has been given and for whose use it is dedicated.

"The administration of this fund entails upon the general education board the most far-reaching responsibilities ever placed upon any educational As members of the organization in the world. board we accept this responsibility, conscious alike of its difficulties and its opportunities. We will use our best wisdom to transmute your gift into intellectual and moral power, counting it a preme privilege to dedicate whatever strength we have to its just use in the service of men."

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The following statement issued at the time the gift of $10,000,000 was made in 1905 explains the manner in which the distribution of funds is made:

"John D. Rockefeller, Jr., with other men of this city, was instrumental in forming the general education board in February, 1902. A broad and admirable charter was secured from congress and signed by President Roosevelt on Jan. 12. 1903. A gift of $1,000,000 from John D. Rockefeller was immediately passed over to the board, especially des ignated for educational work in the south. Other funds have been added by other philanthropists since that time and the board has confined its work mainly to educational work in the southern states.

"The present gift differs from Mr. Rockefeller's first gift to the board in the following particulars:

The principal sum of the gift of $1,000,000, made on the organization of the board, could be distributed. The present gift of $10,000,000 is held as an endowment, the income only being available for distribution. The first gift was designed to be used exclusively in the southern states. The pres ent gift is for use not only in the southern states but throughout the United States, without distinction of section. The first gift could be used for common schools and secondary education. The second gift is confined to higher education and is designed specially for colleges as distinguished from the great universities, although there is no prohibition in the letter of gift against making contributions to universities.

"Both gifts are available for denominational schools as well as for those which are nonsectarian. While the funds may be employed for denominational schools, they will be employed without sectarian distinctions. No special denomination will be particularly favored, but the funds will be open to approved schools of all denominations, although they cannot be employed for giving specifically theological instruction.

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"In distributing the funds the board will aim especially to favor those institutions which well located and which have a local constituency sufficiently strong and able to insure permanence and power. No attempt will be made to resuscitate moribund schools or to assist institutions which are so located that they cannot promise to be permanently useful. Within these limits there are no restrictions as to the use of the income. It may be used for endowment, for buildings, for current expenses, for debts, for apparatus or for any other purpose which may be found most serviceable."

The members of the general education board are: Frederick T. Gates (chairman), George Foster Peabody (treasurer), Wallace Buttrick (secretary), Robert C. Ogden, Starr J. Murphy, Daniel C. Gilman, Edward A. Alderman, Morris K. Jesup, Walter H. Page, Albert Shaw, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Hugh H. Hanna, Harry Pratt Judson (of the University of Chicago), E. Benjamin Andrews (of the University of Nebraska) and Hollis B. Frissell.

LIST OF ROCKEFELLER GIFTS.
Un. of Chicago.$21,924,322 | Smith college..
General educa-
Wellesley col...
tion board.... 43,000,000 Columbia univ.
Yale university 1,000,000 Dennison col...
Inst. of Medic-
Furman univ..

al Research.. 1,825,000 Spellman semi-
Barnard college 1,375,000
Southern edu-

2,000.000

100.000

100,000

100,000

100,000

100,000

nary, Atlanta

180,000

Seven smaller

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cational fund 1,126,000 Harvard univ.. 1,000,000 Baptist missionary fund. Brown univ.... Bryn Mawr col. Cornell univ... McMasters col. Oberlin college Rochester Theological sem'y Vassar college. Teachers' col.. Newton Theo

logical sem'y Adelphi college Syracuse univ..

275,000 Children's Sea200,000 side home... Cleveland city 250,000 parks 400,000

Clevel'd social 500,000 settlement

150,000 125,000 100.000

Missions (known)

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JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER'S WEALTH. Frederick T. Gates, who is John D. Rockefeller's business representative, made the following statement as to Mr. Rockefeller's wealth in February, 1906: "The facts are that Mr. Rockefeller has at various times himself authorized the statement that his fortune cannot exceed $250,000,000 or $300.000.000; furthermore his income, instead of being $100,000,000 a year as has been asserted, cannot in his most prosperous year have exceeded $15,000,000 to $20,000,000. Mr. Rockefeller's holdings of Standard Oil stock are under 30 per cent.

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON.

[Prepared by William Barnum, chief clerk.]

The Carnegie Institution of Washington was incorporated Jan. 4, 1902, and endowed by Andrew Carnegie with $10,000,000. The purpose of the institution is thus declared by its founder:

"It is proposed to found in the city of Washington an institution which, with the co-operation of institutions now or hereafter established, there or elsewhere, shall in the broadest and most liberal manner encourage investigation, research and discovery-show the application of knowledge to the improvement of mankind, provide such buildings, laboratories, books and apparatus as may be needed, and afford instruction of an advanced character to students properly qualified to profit thereby."

The following list shows the departments of investigations to which the larger grants have been assigned and the amounts of those grants in 1906: Station for experimental evolution.. Tortugas marine biological laboratory Botanical research..

Horticulture (Luther Burbank).

Economics and sociology.

$21,000

15,700

33,000

10,000

30,000

14,450 54,000

Historical research...

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150,000

Geophysical research..

Geophysical laboratory..

Southern observatory.

Nutrition

20,000 85,000

10,000

16,500

The fields of investigation to which minor grants of from $500 to $10.000 were assigned were anthropology, archæology, astronomy, bibliography, botany, literature, chemistry, geology, history, mathematics, meteorology, paleontology, philology and linguistics, physics, physiology and zoology. The grants for publication amounted to a total of $47.297.59.

The larger projects now under way and the names of the department directors or investigators are as follows:

Botanical Research-D. T. MacDougal.
Economics and Sociology-Carroll D. Wright.
Experimental Evolution-Charles B. Davenport.
Historical Research-J. F. Jameson.
Horticulture-Luther Burbank.

Marine Biology-A. G. Mayer.
Meridian Astrometry-Lewis Boss.
Nutrition-F. G. Benedict, R. H. Chittenden, L. B.
Mendel and T. B. Osborne.

Solar Physics-George E. Hale.

Terrestrial Magnetism-A. L. Bauer.

Work in Geophysics-F. D. Adams, G. F. Becker, A. L. Day.

Under the original organization the endowment and the conduct of the institution were intrusted to a board of twenty-seven trustees, but under act of congress approved April 28. 1904, certain ex-officio trustees were dispensed with. The board now consists of the following persons: Trustees-John S. Billings, John L. Cadwalader, Cleveland H. Dodge, W. N. Frew, Lyman J. Gage, Daniel C. Gilman, Henry L. Higginson, E. A. Hitchcock, William Wirt Howe, Charles L. Hutchinson, William Lindsay. Seth Low, D. O. Mills, S. Weir Mitchell, William W. Morrow, Elihu Root, Charles D. Walcott, Andrew D. White. Robert S. Woodward, Carroll D. Wright, Henry S. Pritchett, William H. Taft, William H. Weich.

The officers are as follows:

President of the Institution-Robert S. Woodward. Officers of the Board of Trustees-John S. Billings, chairman; Elihu Root, H. vice-chairman; C. Dodge, secretary. Executive Committee-Carroll D. Wright, chairman; John S. Billings, Daniel C. Gilman, S. Weir Mitchell, Elihu Root, Robert S. Woodward, C. H. Dodge, C. D. Walcott. The offices of the institution are in the Bond building, Washington, D. C.

THE CARNEGIE FOUNDATION.

On the 27th of April, 1905, it was announced by Frank A. Vanderlip, vice-president of the National City bank of New York city, that Andrew Carnegie had transferred to a board of trustees $10,000,000 first mortgage 5 per cent United States Steel Corporation bonds, the purpose of the trust fund thus created being to provide annuities for college professors in the United States, Canada and Newfoundland who from old age or other physical disability are no longer in a position to render the most efficient service. The trustees are as follows: A. T. Hadley, Yale university. Charles William Eliot, Harvard university. Nicholas Murray Butler, Columbia university. Jacob G. Schurman, Cornell university. Woodrow Wilson, Princeton university. L. Clark Seelye, Smith college.

Charles C. Harrison, University of Pennsylvania. Alex. C. Humphreys, Stevens institute. S. B. McCormick, Western University of Pennsylvania.

Edwin B. Craighead, Tulane university.
H. C. King. Oberlin college.

C. F. Thwing, Western Reserve university.
Thomas McClelland. Knox college.
Edwin H. Hughes, Depauw university.
H. McClelland Bell, Drake university.
George H. Denny, Washington and Lee univer-
sity.

President Peterson, McGill university.
Samuel Plantz, Lawrence university.

David S. Jordan, Leland Stanford Jr. university.
W. H. Crawford, Allegheny college.
Henry S. Pritchett, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.

F. A. Vanderlip, New York.

T. Morris Carnegie, New York.

R. A. Franks, Hoboken, N. J.

The corporation having charge of the fund is styled "The Carnegie Foundation." No annuity to exceed $2,400 is paid.

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MAP OF THE NORTH POLAR REGIONS-WALTER WELLMAN.

Showing the highest latitude reached by Peary and the proposed route of the Wellman-Chicago Record-Herald airship expedition.

The Wellman-Chicago Record-Herald poiar expedition met with further delay in 1907 and operations were postponed until 1908. Extremely stormy weather prevailed during the summer in the region of Spitzbergen and only one opportunity was afforded of giving the airship a trial, and that was under adverse circumstances. In the winter of 1906-07 the craft had been enlarged so as to increase its carrying capacity, a new and more powerful motor had been provided and a new steel car built, making the America the most powerful airship ever constructed. surface measurement of the balloon part or gas reservoir was 24,000 square feet, its length 183 feet and its greatest diameter 52.5 feet. The steel car underneath was 115 feet long. The lifting power of the balloon when fully inflated was 19,000 pounds, while the total weight to be carried, including men, machinery, instruments, food,

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a number of Siberian dogs and sledges for a possible journey over the snow and ice. was estimated at 15,000 pounds. A seventy-horse-power gasoline engine furnished the driving power.

The expedition reached Dane's island, Spitzbergen, June 8, 1907, and from then until Sept. 2 the time was occupied in getting the airship ready and in repairing damages done by severe storms. The last two weeks were spent in waiting for favorable weather conditions. The trial ascent was made Sept. 2, when the airship was towed three miles through the strait by steamer and was then released. The machinery worked well and a start toward the north was actually made, but the wind, which had been blowing at the rate of six miles an hour, freshened, a snowstorm began and the compass failed to work and it was deemed absolutely necessary to make १ landing and return to the base on Dane's island.

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