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Halifax

40,832

Edmonton (1906). 11,534

St. John..

40,711

Valleyfield

11,055

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Moncton

9,026

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IMPORTS AND EXPORTS-The total value of the imports for the year ended June 30, 1906, was $294,267,616; exports, $256,586,630; imports from the United States (1907), $183,206,067; exports to the United States (1907), $183,206,067.

COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA.

July 9, 1900, the British parliament passed an act empowering the six provinces of Australia to form a federal union and Jan. 1, 1901, the new commonwealth was proclaimed at Sydney, N. S. W. Its first paliament was opened May 9, 1901, by the prince of Wales, heir-apparent to the British throne, acting for his father, King Edward VII. In 1903 Bombala, N. S. W., was chosen as the permanent capital.

GOVERNMENT-The federal parliament is made up of a senate of thirty-six members, six from each original state, and a house of representatives of seventy-five members, apportioned as follows: New South Wales, 26; Victoria, 23; Queensland, 9; South Australia, 7; Western Australia, 5; Tasmania, 5. The king is represented by the governor-general. He and the council of seven ministers exercise the executive power. The governorgeneral is paid a salary of $50,000 a year. The governor-general is Lord Northcote. The ministers

are:

Alfred Deakin, external affairs and prime minister; L. E. Groom, attorney-general; J. H. Keating, home affairs; Sir John Forrest, treasurer; William J. Lyne, trade and commerce; Thomas Ewing, defense; Austin Chapman, postmaster-general.

AREA AND POPULATION-The commonwealth has a total area of 2,972,573 square miles, divided among the states as follows: New South Wales, 310,367; Victoria, 87.884; Queensland, 668,497; South Australia, 903,690; Western Australia, 975,920; Tasmania, 26,215.

The total population of the commonwealth as enumerated March 31, 1901, was 3,771,715, divided among the states as follows: New So. Wales. 1,354,846

Victoria

Queensland

.1,201,070

496,596

South Australia 362,604

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The total population in December, 1905, was estimated at 4,052,878.

The population of Melbourne in 1901 was 493,956; Sydney (1900), 451,000; Adelaide (1900), 160,691, and Wellington (1899), 47.862.

EXPORTS AND IMPORTS-The total exports of the states in the commonwealth in 1906 were $348,992,000; total imports, $223,942,000. Australia in 1907 exported merchandise valued at $13,434,331 to the United States and imported merchandise worth $25,768,627.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

GOVERNMENT-Emperor of Austria and king of Hungary, Francis Joseph I.; heir-presumptive (his nephew, son of the late Archduke Charles Louis), the Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Este. Joint or common ministry:.

Foreign Affairs-Baron von Aehrenthal.

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Interior-Count Julius Andrassy.

Defense-Lewis Jekelfalussy.

Worship-Count Albert Apponyi.
Commerce-Francis Kossuth.
Agriculture-Herr Daranyi.

Justice Dr. Gunther.

Minister at Court-Count Johann Zichy.

The empire of Austria and the kingdom of Hungary are sovereign states, each with its own constitution, legislative bodies and system of administration, co-ordinate in rank and mutually independent within the domain of home affairs. Foreign representation (embassies and consulates), the army and navy, customs (import and export duties), and the administration of the occupied provinces (Bosnia and Herzegovina) are, however, conducted in common. Legislation on matters affecting the interests of the dual monarchy as a whole is intrusted to the delegations-two bodies of sixty members each, chosen from among members of the two legislative chambers of Austria and Hungary respectively.

AREA AND POPULATION-Area of Austria, 115,903 square miles; of Hungary, 125,039 square miles. The population of Austria in 1901 was 26,150,597. The population of Hungary in 1901 was 19,092,292. Total population for both countries in 1901 was 45,242,889. Largest cities of Austria:

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399,560. The trade with the United States in 1907 was: Imports, $51,493,044; exports, $30,140,053. Chief imports are cereals, textiles and metal goods; chief exports, cereals, raw textiles, tissues, iron, glass, hides, chemicals and machinery.

BULGARIA.

GOVERNMENT-Prince, Ferdinand, duke of SaxeCoburg-Gotha. Legislation is enacted by the "sobranje," a single chamber of 157 members elected for five years. Bulgaria is an autonomous princ1pality under the suzerainty of Turkey. AREA AND POPULATION-Area, 24,380 square miles. Population Dec. 31, 1905, 4,028,239; population of Sofia, the capital, 82,187.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS-Exports in 1905, $29,592,137; imports. $24,449,987. The exports mainly cereals and. the imports textiles.

DENMARK.

are

GOVERNMENT-King, Frederick VIII.; heir apparent, Prince Christian. Cabinet:

Premier and Minister of War and Marine-J. C. Christensen.

Foreign Affairs-Count R. Levetzau.
Finance-W. Lassen.

Home Affairs-S. Berg.
Agriculture-Ole Hansen.
Justice-A. Alberti.

Instruction-Enevold Sorensen.
Public Works-Svend Hoegsbro.

Legislative authority is vested in the landsthing and folkething. The former, which is the upper house, has 66 members, twelve of whom are appointed for life, the remainder being elected for terms of eight years. The folkething, or lower house, has 114 members, each elected for three years.

AREA AND POPULATION-Denmark's area is 15.592 square miles and total population in 1906, 2,605,268. Copenhagen, the capital, has a population of 426,540 (without suburbs).

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS-Total exports in 1905. $133,387,000; imports, $155,631,000. The imports from the United States in 1907 were $23,384,989; exports, $1,125,945. Leading articles of export are butter, pork, eggs and lard; of import, textiles, cereals, wood, iron manufactures and coal.

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Navy-Vice-Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz.
Justice-Dr. Arnold Nieberding.
Colonies-Bernhard Dernburg.

Treasury-Baron Hermann von Stengel.
Postal Affairs-Dr. Reinhold Kraetke.

President of Imperial Railway AdministrationDr. Friedrich Schulz.

The Prussian minister of war, Lieut.-Gen. Carl von Einem-Rothmaler, while nominally having jurisdiction over Prussian army affairs only, represents the imperial government in the reichstag in military matters and is, for all practical purroses, German secretary for war. Of the various independent states of Germany only the kingdoms of Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria and Wurttemberg have their own ministers of war.

Legislative authority is vested in a bundesrath, or senate, of 58 members, and a reichstag, or house, of 397 members. The latter are elected for five-year terms on a popular franchise and the senators are appointed from the state governments for each session.

AREA AND POPULATION-The area of the states in the empire is 208,830 square miles, area of dependencies about 1,027,120 square miles; grand total, 1,235,950 square miles.

The last federal census was taken Dec. 1, 1905. According to this the population of the empire was 60,641,278. The estimated population of the foreign dependencies is 12,686,000. State population in 1905: Prussia Bavaria

..37,293,324 | Lippe
6,524,372 Waldeck

Wurttemberg.. 2,302,179 Schwarzburg

Baden Saxony

Schwerin

145,577

59,127

2,010,728

Rud.

96,835

4,508,601

Schwarzburg

Mecklenburg

Sond.

85,152

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Hesse Oldenburg

1,209,175

branch

144,584

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Brunswick

485,958

Lippe

44,992

Saxe-Weimar..

388,095

Reuss, elder

Mecklenburg

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Saxe-Meiningen

268,916 Lubeck

105,857

328,029 Bremen

263,440

Saxe-Coburg

Alsace-Lor.

1,814,564

Gotha

242,432

Saxe-Altenburg 101,412

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Strelitz

Anhalt

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Worship and Instruction-M. Stephanopoulos.
Marine-M. Trikoupi.

Interior-M. Kalogeropoulos.
Justice-M. Bokotopoulos.
Finance-M. Simopoulos.

Legislative authority is vested in one chamber, the "boule," consisting of 235 members, each of whom is elected for four years.

AREA AND POPULATION-Total area, 25,014 square miles. Population in 1903. 2,645,175 (estimated). Athens in 1896 had 111,486 inhabitants; Piræus, 42,169, and Patras, 37,958.

EXPORTS AND IMPORTS-The total exports in 1905 amounted in value to $16,772,000; imports, $28.156,600. Exports to the United States in 1907, $3,086,419; imports from the United States, $1,634,431. The leading exports are currants, ores, olive oil and figs; imports, foodstuffs, textiles, coal and timber.

ITALY.

GOVERNMENT-King, Victor Emmanuel III.; heir to the crown, his son Humbert, prince of Piedmont, born Sept. 16, 1904.

President of Council and Minister of the Interior-Giovanni Giolitti.

Foreign Affairs-Sig. Tittoni.

Grace and Justice-Sig. Orlando.
Treasury-Sig. Carcano.

Finance-Sig. Fusinato.

War-Sig. Vigano.

Marine-Admiral Mirabello.

Public Instruction-Sig. Rava.
Public Works-Sig. Gianturco.

Agriculture. Industry and Trade-Sig. Cocco-Ortu.
Ports and Telegraph-Sig. Schanzer.

AREA AND POPULATION-The area of Italy is 110,646 square miles. According to the census of Feb. 9, 1901, the total population is 32,475,253. Estimated total population in 1906, 33,733,198. Population of the principal cities:

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Premier and Foreign Affairs-J. Lovland.
Justice-J. O. Boredal.

Church and Public Instruction-Otto Jensen.
Finance-Magnus Halvorson.
Public Works-A. Berge.
Commerce-Sofus Arctander.
Defense-K. F. G. Dawes.
Agriculture-M. Aarrestad.

Legislative authority is vested in the storthing, consisting of 117 members elected for three years by universal suffrage. The storthing consists of two houses, the odelsthing and the lagthing. The former is made up of three-fourths of the members of the storthing and the latter of one-fourth.

AREA AND POPULATION-The total area of Norway is 124,445 square miles. Total population in December, 1902, 2.263,010. Christiania in 1900 had a population of 227,626 and Bergen, 72,151.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS-The value of the imports in 1906 was approximately $89,995,070; exports. $60,312,998. Exports to the United States in 1907, $3,795,387; imports $5,682.508. The chief exports are timber and wood manufactures, malty food, paper and minerals: imports, breadstuffs, groceries, yarn, textiles, vessels and machinery.

PORTUGAL.

GOVERNMENT-King, Carlos I.; Louis Philippe. Cabinet:

heir-apparent,

Premier and Minister of Interior-Senhor J. F. C. Franco.

Finance-Senhor E. D. Schroeter.

Foreign Affairs-Senhor L. de Magalhaes.
War-Senhor Vasconcellos Porto.

Marine and Colonies-Senhor A. d'Ornellas.
Public Works-Senhor J. M. Reymo.
Justice and Worship-Senhor J. Novaes.

Legislative authority is vested in the cortes, which consists of a house of peers and a house of commons, the former having 155 members and the latter 148.

AREA AND POPULATION-Total area, including Azores and Madeira, 35,490 square miles. Area of possessions in Africa and Asia, 801,060 square miles. The population of the home country with the Azores and Madeira in 1900 was 5,428,659; of the colonies in Africa and Asia, 9,216,707. In the same year Lisbon had a population of 356,009 and Oporto 167,955.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS-Total imports in 1905, $60,690,000; total exports, $29,070,000. Imports from the United States in 1907, $2,787,422; exports to the United States, $6,479,500. The chief imports are foodstuffs, cotton, sugar, fish, wool, leather, coal and coffee; chief exports, wine, sardines, copper ore, olives and figs.

ROUMANIA.

I.;

GOVERNMENT-King, Carol Ferdinand, prince of Roumania.

heir-apparent,

Legislative authority is vested in a senate of 120 members and a chamber of deputies of 183 members elected for four years.

AREA AND POPULATION-The total area is 50,720 square miles. The population in 1899 was 5,956,690. Population of the principal towns in December, 1899; Bucharest, 282,071; Jassy, 78,067; Galatz, 62,678; Braila, 58,392.

EXPORTS AND IMPORTS-The value of the exports in 1905 was $91,420,000, of the imports, $67,507,597. The chief exports are cereals and the leading imports, are textiles. Exports to the United States in 1905, $6,545; imports from, $685,231.

RUSSIA.

Finance-C. J. G. Swartz.

GOVERNMENT-Czar, Nicholas II.; heir-apparent, Grand Duke Alexis.

Premier and Minister of the Interior-M. Stoly

pin.

Foreign Affairs-M. Iswolsky.
Finance-M. Kokovtseff.

Justice M. Scheglovitoff.

Agriculture-Prince Vassilchikoff.
Commerce-M. Filossofoff.
Railways-Gen. Schaffhausen.
Controller-M. von Schwanbach,

Procurator of the Holy Synod-Peter Iswolsky.
War-Gen. Rudiger.

Navy-Admiral Dikoff.

Legislative authority is vested in the czar, douma and council of the empire. (See "Progress of Revolution in Russia.")

AREA AND POPULATION-Area, 8,647,657 square miles. Total population in 1897, 129,004,514; estimated in 1905, 146,796,000. Population of the principal cities:

St. Petersburg.1,534,000| Riga

Moscow

Warsaw

Odessa Lodz

1,173,427 Kiev

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256,197

247,432

174,846

159,568

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Marine-Commodore Ehrensaiard. Education-A. H. Hammarskjold. Interior-Count Hugo Hamilton. Agriculture-Alfred Peterson.

Public Works-M. Hammarskjold.

Legislative authority is vested in a parliament of two chambers, the first of which has a membership of 150 and the second 230. Members of the upper house are elected for nine years and those of the lower for three years. The first chamber is elected by municipal representatives. To be eligible one must own real estate worth at least 80,000 crowns or pay taxes on an income of at least 4,000 crowns. The second chamber constituents must have an income of at least 800 crowns or own real estate worth at least 1,000 crowns.

AREA AND POPULATION-The total area of Sweden is 172,876 square miles. The population Dec. 31, 1905, was 5,294,885. The population of the principal cities at the same time was: Stockholm, 324,488; Gothenburg, 140,851; Malmo, 72,459; Norrkoping, 44,760; Geffle, 30,842.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS-The total exports in 1905 were valued at $120,657,000; imports $153,780,000. Exports to the United States in 1907, $4,171,258; imports, $9,413,649. The leading articles of export are timber and machinery; of import, textile goods and foodstuffs.

SWITZERLAND.

GOVERNMENT-President of Federal Council-M. Eduard Muller,

Vice-President-M. Ernest Brenner. Legislative authority is vested in a state and a national council, the former having 44 and the latter 167 members. The national councilors are elected directly by the people; the state councilors are elected in some cantons by the people and in others by the cantonal legislature. The chief executive authority is vested in the bundesrath, or federal council, one member of which is the chief of one of the federal departments. Its decrees are enacted as a body. Its members are elected president in rotation.

Switzerland owns its main railroads, its telegraph and telephone system and monopolizes the manufacture and sale of alcohol.

AREA AND POPULATION-Total area, 15,976 square miles. The population, according to the census of June, 1905, was 3,463,609. Population of the largest cities: Zurich Basel

Geneva

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EXPORTS AND IMPORTS-Total exports in 1906, $207,449.658; imports, $273,791,697. Exports to the United States in 1907, $26,830,840; imports, $612,579. The articles chiefly exported are cottons. silks, clocks and watches; imported, foodstuffs, silk, minerals and metals, clothing and animals.

THE NETHERLANDS.

GOVERNMENT-Queen, Wilhelmina; prince consort, Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Cabinet:

Prime Minister and Home Secretary-P. Rink. Foreign Affairs-Jonkheer D. A. W. Van Tets Van Goudriaan.

Industry-Prof. J. Kraus.

Agriculture, Commerce and Industry-Dr. J. D. Veegens.

War-W. F. Ridder Van Rappard.
Navy-Capt. W. J. Cohen Stuart.
Justice-E. E. Van Raalte.

Finance-Mr. de Meester.

Colonies-D. Fock.

Trade-J. D. Veegens.

Legislative authority is vested in the states-general, composed of two chambers, the first having 50 members and the second 100. The latter are elected directly and the former by the provincial states.

AREA AND POPULATION-The area of Holland, or the Netherlands, is 12,648 square miles. The total

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GOVERNMENT-Emperor, Kwangsu; dowager empress, Tsu-Hsi; president of foreign office, Prince Ching.

AREA AND POPULATION-Total area of China, with dependencies, 4,277,170 square miles; estimated population, 433,553,030.

EXPORTS AND IMPORTS-The total exports in 1906 amounted to $193,185,000 and the imports to $335,191,000. During the fiscal year 1907 goods to the value of $25.704,532 were imported from the United States. The total exports in the same period to the United States amounted to $33,436,452. The articles imported from America consist mainly of flour, kerosene, sago, india-rubber shoes, ginseng. quicksilver, white shirting, drills and broadcloth. Among the leading exports are tea,

furs, wool, mats, fans, essential oils, straw braid, silks, hair, hides, hemp and sesamum seed. JAPAN.

GOVERNMENT-Emperor, Mutsuhito; crown prince, Yoshihito. Cabinet:

Premier-Marquis Saionji.

Foreign Affairs-Viscount Hayashi.
War-Gen. Baron Terauchi.
Finance-Dr. Sakatani.
Navy-Vice-Admiral Saito.
Justice-Mr. Matsuda.

Education-Mr. Makino.

Agriculture and Commerce-Mr. Matsuoka.
Interior-Mr. Hara.

Communications-Mr. Yamagata.

Legislative authority is vested in the emperor and the imperial diet. This consists of the house of peers and the house of representatives, the former having 364 and the latter 379 members.

AREA AND POPULATION-The total area of Japan is 161,210 square miles. The population according to the census of Dec. 31, 1905, was 47,812,138. exclusive of Formosa, the Pescadores and the south half of Sakhalin. The total population is close to 50,000,000. Cities having more than 100,000 inhabitants are:

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Emperor, Yi Syek; nominally a kingdom, but practically a Japanese dependency. Estimated area, 82,000 square miles. Population, 10,000,000 to 12,000,000, of whom 5,608,151 were liable to taxation in 1901. Seoul, the capital, has 196,646 inhabitants. Imports in 1904 valued at $6,576,595; exports, $1,733,376. Imports from the United States in 1907. $1.459,223; exports to, $1,120. The imports are chiefly cotton goods, metals, kerosene and silk goods; exports are rice, beans, cowhides, ginseng and copper.

PERSIA.

Shah, or emperor, Mohammed Ali Mirza. Under constitution granted in 1906 legislative authority is vested in a national council of 156 members and a senate of 60 members. The area is about 628,000 square miles and the population 9,500,000. Imports in 1903-1904 about $35,000,000; exports, $23,165,000. Imports from the United States in 1907, $3,042; exports to, $470,334. Teheran, the capital, has a population of about 280,000. Chief among the products are silk, fruits, wheat, barley and rice.

SIAM.

King, Chulalongkorn I.; crown prince, Chowfa Maha Vajirvudh. Area, 220,000 square miles; population is estimated at 6,686,846. Bangkok, the capital, has about 450.000 inhabitants. The imports in 1905 were $19,968.175 and the exports $29,945,500. Imports from the United States in 1907, $376,738; exports to, $65,581. Chief among the exports are rice, teak and marine products; imports, cotton goods and opium.

AFRICA.

ABYSSINIA.

Emperor, Menelik II. Total area of Abyssinia about 200,000 square miles; population, 10,000,000. The exports 3 re coffee, gum, wax, gold and ivory. American textiles to the value of $1.000,000 are imported annually.

ALGERIA.

Algeria is a colony of France. Governor-General -M. Jonnart. Area, 184,474 square miles; population in 1906, 5,231,850. Chief imports are cottons, skins and furs and woodwork; exports, wine, sheep and cereals.

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