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NUMBER OF PENSIONERS AT DIFFERENT RATES.
57,281 From $17 to $18, inclusive.. 507
From $18 to $20, inclusive.. 39,942
From $20 to $24, inclusive.. 31,786
From $24 to $25, inclusive.. 2,730
From $25 to $30, inclusive.. 17,524
From $30 to $36, inclusive.. 318
From $36 to $45, inclusive.. 3,561

From $6 to $8, inclusive....296,128
From $8 to $10, inclusive... 70,773
From $10 to $12, inclusive..351,517
From $12 to $14, inclusive.. 20,436
From $14 to $15, inclusive.. 29,201
From $15 to $16, inclusive.. 5,447
From $16 to $17, inclusive.. 41,503

During the fiscal year 1907 the loss by death of survivors of the civil war was 31,201, leaving the names of 644,338 survivors of that war on the roll June 30, 1907. The loss of this class of pensioners

$3,106,931.78

$3,409,998.54

3,442,156.53

3,471,157.27 ......18,909,512.43

From $45 to $50, inclusive.. 3,424
From $50 to $72, inclusive.. 3,051
From $72 to $100, inclusive.
At $125....

At $166 2-3..

At $208 1-3..

At $416 2-3...

644

1

3

1

2

during the fiscal year 1906 was 29,208 and the deaths during the fiscal year 1907 were therefore 1,993 more than in the year preceding.

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THE PANAMA CANAL.

CHRONOLOGY.

First exploration of route, 1527.
Advocated by Humboldt, 1803.
Panama railroad built 1850-1855.

Panama Canal company formed by De Lesseps 1879.
Work on canal begun Feb. 24, 1881.
Canal company failed Dec. 11, 1888.

De Lesseps and others sentenced to prison for fraud Feb. 9, 1893.

New French canal company formed October, 1894. De Lesseps died Dec. 7. 1894.

Hay-Pauncefote treaty superseding the ClaytonBulwer treaty signed Nov. 18, 1901; ratified by senate Dec. 16; ratified by Great Britain Jan. 20. 1902.

Canal property offered to the United States for $40,000,000 Jan. 9, 1902; accepted Feb. 16, 1903. Bill authorizing construction of canal passed by house of representatives Jan. 9, 1902; passed by senate June 19, 1902; approved June 28, 1902. Canal treaty with Colombia signed Jan. 22, 1903; ratified by senate March 17, 1903; rejected by Colombia Aug. 12, 1903.

Revolution in Panama Nov. 3, 1903.

Canal treaty with Panama negotiated Nov. 18, 1903; ratified by republic of Panama Dec. 2, 1903; ratified by United States senate Feb. 23, 1904. Canal commissioners appointed Feb. 29, 1904. Papers transferring canal to the United States signed in Paris April 22, 1904.

Bill for government of canal zone passed by the senate April 15, 1904; passed by the house April 21; approved April 26.

of $15,000 annually, Majs. Gaillard and Sibert and Civil Engineer Rousseau $14,000 each and Dr. Gorgas, Jackson Smith and Mr. Blackburn $10,000 each.

PLAN OF THE CANAL.

In September, 1905, a number of eminent engineers of America and Europe met in Washington, D. C., to make investigations and recommendations as to the type of. canal to be built, as it had not been decided whether it should be a sealevel or a lock canal. They visited the isthmus and on returning to Washington formulated majority and minority reports, the foreign engineers favoring a sea-level and a majority of the Amer ican engineers a lock canal.

In a message to congress Feb. 19, 1906, President Roosevelt transmitted the reports of the board of consulting engineers and the isthmian canal commission and announced that unless otherwise directed by congress he would order the canal commission to proceed with the construction of the lock type of canal. The majority of the board of consulting engineers, eight in number, including the five foreign engineers, favored a sea-level canal, and one member of the canal commission, Rear-Admiral Endicott, took the same view. Five of the eight American members of the board of consulting engineers and five members of the isthmian canal commission favored the lock canal and so did Chief Engineer Stevens and the secretary of war. The president concurred in the recommendation of the minority of the consulting engi. neers and of the majority of the canal commission

ATLANTIC

GATUN

DAM

GATUN

LAKE TO BE
FOR MED BY
S-GATUN DAM

CULEBR

OUTLINE MAP OF THE PANAMA CANAL.

Canal property at Panama formally turned over to the United States commissioners May 4, 1904. President outlines rules for the government of the canal zone and war department takes charge of the work May 9, 1904.

Gen. George W. Davis appointed first governor of canal zone May 9, 1904.

John F. Wallace appointed chief engineer May 10. 1904; resigned June 29, 1905. Republic of Panama paid May 21, 1904.

First payment on $40,000,000 to French canal company made May 24, 1904.

Lorin C. Collins appointed Supreme court judge for canal zone June 17. 1905.

New commission with Theodore P. Shonts as chairman named April 3, 1905; Shonts resigned March

4. 1907.

John F. Stevens appointed chief engineer June 29, 1905; resigned Feb. 26. 1907.

Maj. George W. Goethals appointed chief engineer Feb. 26, 1907.

CANAL COMMISSION.

Lieut.-Col. George W. Goethals, U. S. A., chairman and chief engineer.

Maj. David Du B. Gaillard, U. S. A., corps of engineers.

Maj. William L. Sibert, U. S. A., corps of engi

neers.

Col. William C. Gorgas, U. S. A., medical department.

Harry H. Rousseau, U. S. N., civil engineer.
Jackson Smith. civilian.

Joseph C. S. Blackburn, civilian.
Headquarters of commission in Panama.

As chairman Col. Goethals will receive a salary

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that the lock plan be adopted. This was also the view taken by the members of the 59th congress, which at its first session passed a bill directing that a lock canal should be constructed. It was also determined that all the materials used in building the canal should be purchased in the United States.

The canal begins in the bay of Limon, a mile northwest of the city of Colon on the Atlantic side, with a channel 500 feet in width and 41 feet in depth at mean tide, running due south to the shore line of Limon bay, at the mouth of the Mindi river. This distance is 41⁄2 miles. Then the canal passes through low and swampy ground in a southerly direction 3 miles to the town of Gatun, the width for this stretch being 500 feet and the depth 45 feet. At Gatun there is a space between the hills of over 7,000 feet, through which the waters of the Chagres river and its tributaries flow to the sea. This space is buttressed on either side with rocks and hills and about midway 'in this space there is a mountain of rock and earth, in which it is proposed to excavate a diversion channel through which the Chagres river will flow during the construction of the earth dam. The plan is to construct this dam across the entire space at a height of 135 feet above sea level and create a lake. Vessels are to be raised to the level of the lake, to be known as Lake Gatun, by three duplicate locks ranging in a flight of steps. each lock being 900 feet interior length, 95 feet wide, 40 feet deep over the miter sills, with a lift in each lock of 28 2-3 feet. These six locks, constructed of a mass of masonry and concrete, will be buried in Gatun hill and founded on rock throughout. Lake Gatun, when created by the

PROCEEDINGS AGAINST THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY.

The

construction of this dam, will be 171 square miles in area and will form the summit level of the canal, which will be 85 feet above sea level. total length of the lake will be 30 miles, of which 23 miles will be navigated by ships crossing the isthmus. Its depth will be about 75 feet in the immediate vicinity of the dam, this being maintained with little reduction to Bohio (a distance of about 10 miles), and thence reducing gradually toward Obispo, where the depth of 45 feet will be obtained with but little excavation, the bed of the river being about 45 feet below the surface of the future lake.

For 15.69 miles above the Gatun locks the deep portion of the lake will have generally a width exceeding half a mile and only a small amount of excavation will be required to provide a navigable channel nowhere less than 1,000 feet wide at the bottom and 45 feet deep. Farther up the lake, as the amount of excavation required to obtain a depth of 45 feet increases, the minimum width of the channel will be decreased, first to 800 feet for a distance of 3.86 miles from San Pablo to Juan Grande, then to 500 feet for 3.73 miles to Obispo, and to 300 feet for 1.55 miles from Obispo to Las Cascades, where the channel will be further narrowed to 200 feet through the heaviest portion of the great central mass known as Culebra.

For a distance of 4.7 miles through the deep portion of the Culebra cut the channel is to have a bottom width of 200 feet and to have nearly vertical sides below the water line and then will become 300 feet wide for 1.88 miles to the Pedro Miguel locks, where the summit level will end. The duplicate locks at Pedro Miguel will have one lift of 31 feet. Passing the locks the channel will be 500 feet wide for 1.64 miles, then increasing to 1,000 feet or more for the further distance of 3.38 miles to the Sosa locks on the shore of Panama bay. This broad navigation will be in an artificial lake created by three dams, to be subsequently described. There are to be duplicate flights of locks on the west side of Sosa hill near La Boca with two lifts of about 31 feet each from ordinary low tide to the level of Lake Sosa. From the Sosa lock to the 7-fathom curve in Panama bay, a distance of 4 miles, the channel is to be 300 feet wide at the bottom and 45 feet deep below mean tide.

The waterway may be summarized with reference to the channel widths as follows:

Width. 1,000 feet... 800 feet.. 500 feet.

300 feet.. 200 feet..

Locks and approaches. Total

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PROCEEDINGS AGAINST THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY.

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT.
CHICAGO, ILL.

Indictments returned, Aug. 27, 1906.
Trial begun, March 4, 1907.
Verdict returned, April 13, 1907.
Fines imposed, Aug. 3, 1907.
Total fines, $29,240,000.

Aug. 27, 1906, ten indictments containing 6,428 counts were returned against the Standard Oil Company of Indiana by two federal grand juries in the United States District court, Chicago, for alleged violations of the act approved Feb. 19. 1903, known as the Elkins rebate law. The charge was that the defendant's property was transported by the Chicago & Alton railway at rates less than those named in the carrier's tariff schedules, published and filed with the interstate-commerce commission as required by law. The offenses were alleged to have been committed during the period from Sept. 1, 1903, to March 1, 1905.

Judge Kenesaw M. Landis of the United States District court at Chicago decided Jan. 3, 1907. adversely to the demurrer of the Standard Oil company to the indictments. The main point raised by the attorney for the company was that the indictments had no foundation, in that they were returned Aug. 27 under the Elkins law, while the new rate law, passed June 29, remitted all penalties incurred prior to that date. This contention he based on that section of the law which provides that laws or parts of laws in conflict with the act are repealed. The government held that

section 13 of the revised statutes, providing that penalties for offenses committed under a repealed act may not be remitted unless the new law expressly so provides, covered the indictments in this case. Judge Landis upheld the government's contention and denied the amnesty plea. The indictment under which the trial began March 4, 1907, contained 1,903 counts, each charging the movement of a car of oil either from Whiting, Ind., to East St. Louis, Ill., or from Chappell, Ill., to St. Louis, Mo. On the trial 441 counts were withdrawn from the consideration of the jury on grounds not going into the ultimate questions involved in the case. On 1,462 counts the verdict returned by the jury April 13 was guilty. Motions for a new trial and for arrest of judgment were overruled. In considering the penalty to be imposed Judge Landis summoned various officers of the Standard Oil company to appear in his court to give certain information. Among others who testified was John D. Rockefeller, president of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. While on the stand July 6 he declared that the net earnings of his company in 1903, 1904 and 1905 approximated $179,800,0 0, and that the dividends amounted to 40 per cent.

Aug. 3 Judge Landis pronounced judgment and sentenced the defendant company to pay a fine of $29,240,000, the maximum penalty under the law. At the same time he directed that an order be entered for a new grand jury to consider the conduct of the other party to the alleged violation of the law in these cases-the Chicago & Alton rail

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John D. Rockefeller and other officials of the Standard Oil company were indicted Jan. 14, 1907, on 939 counts for violating the Ohio antitrust laws. The subsidiary companies which with the New Jersey corporation were made defendants were the Ohio Oil company, the Solar Refining company, the Buckeye Pipe Line company, the Manhattan Oil company and the Standard Oil Company of Ohio. The suit was filed at Findlay, where another case, brought by independent producers, was begun Sept. 27 against the Standard Oil company and seven subsidiary concerns.

IN OTHER STATES.

Proceedings against the Standard Oil company were also brought or were pending during the year in Louisiana, New York, Kansas, Minnesota and Tennessee.

PROCEEDINGS AGAINST OTHER TRUSTS.

ANTHRACITE COAL-CARRYING ROADS.

Suit was begun by the government June 12, 1907, in the United States Circuit court at Philadelphia, Pa.. against the anthracite coal-carrying railroads, which were charged with operating a monopoly in the production, transportation and sale of hard coal. The defendants were the Reading company, Philadelphia & Reading company, Lehigh Valley Railroad company, Delaware, Lackawanna & West

.....

16,020 William C. Whitney estate 8,000 15,000 W. H. Tilford..

10,000 John D. Archbold...

estate,

W. G. Warden estate.. 8,500 University of Chicago. 8,000 C. M. Pratt... 8,000 Daniel O'Day estate..

6,000

6,000

5,858

5,000

5.000

2,695

ern railroad, Central Railroad Company of New Jersey, Erie Railroad company, New York, Susquehanna & Western Railroad company, Philadel phia & Reading Coal and Iron company, Lehigh Valley Coal company, Lehigh & Wilkesbarre Coal company, Hillside Coal and Jron company, New York, Susquehanna & Western Coal company and the Temple Iron company.

THE POWDER TRUST.

The United States government began suit July 30, 1907, in the federal Circuit court at Wilming ton, Del., against E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. of New Jersey and various other corporations and individuals engaged in the manufacture of gunpowder for alleged violation of the Sherman antitrust act of July 2, 1890.

THE TOBACCO TRUST.

Property to the value of $7.000 belonging to corporations allied with the American Tobacco company was seized by the government Oct. 21, 1907, under section 6 of the Sherman antitrust law. This section declares that any property owned under any contract, or by any combination, or pursuant to any conspiracy, and being in the course of transportation from one state to another or to a foreign country, shall be forfeited to the United States and may be seized and condemned. The goods seized were in transit from the factories of the British-American Tobacco company, limited. located in Petersburg, Va., and Durham, N. C., to New York and foreign countries. It was the first action of the kind taken by the government under the law.

WRECK OF THE STEAMER COLUMBIA.

The steamer Columbia, bound from San Francisco to Portland, Ore., was sunk in a collision with the schooner steamer San Pedro off Shelter cove, Mendocino county, California, between 12 and 1 o'clock Sunday morning, July 21, 1907. Of the 249 persons

on board ninety-three were drowned. The others were picked up by passing steamers after having passed some hours in the lifeboats, which were iaunched immediately after the collision.

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