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SECOND PEACE CONFERENCE AT THE HAGUE.

The second peace conference at The Hague began June 15 and ended Oct. 18, 1907. Count Nelidoff, Russian ambassador to France, was the presiding officer. Among the principal delegates participating were the following:

United States-Joseph H. Choate, Horace Porter, Uriah M. Rose, David Jayne Hill, Brig.-Gen. George B. Davis, Vice-Admiral Charles S. Sperry. Great Britain-Sir Edward Fry, Sir Ernest Satow. Germany-Baron Marschall de Bieberstein, Herr Kriege.

France-M. Leon Bourgeois, Baron d'Estournelles de Constant.

Russia-M. Nelidoff, M. de Martens.

Italy-Count Vergano, Commander Guido Pompilj. Japan-Keiroku Tsudzuki, Aimaro Sato. Netherlands-W. H. de Beaufort, T. M. C. Asser. Spain-Wenceslao Ramirez de Villa-Urruti. Belgium-M. A. Beernaert.

Thirteen conventions and three declarations and resolutions were adopted by the conference, as follows. Conventions:

1. The peaceful regulation of international conflicts.

2. Providing for an international prize court. 3. Regulating the rights and duties of neutrals on land.

4. Regulating the rights and duties of neutrals at sea.

5. Covering the laying of submarine mines. 6. The bombardment of towns from the sea.

7. The matter of the collection of contractual debts.

8. The transformation of merchantmen into warships.

9. The treatment of captured crews.

10. The inviolability of fishing boats.

11. The inviolability of the postal service.

12. The application of the Geneva convention and the Red Cross to sea warfare.

13. The laws and customs regulating land warfare.

Resolutions:

1. That balloons shall not be used for throwing of explosives.

2. A recommendation in favor of obligatory arbitration.

3. A resolution regarding the establishment of a permanent court of arbitration.

The following resolution proposed by Sir Edward Fry of Great Britain was adopted:

This conference confirms the resolution adopted by the conference of 1899 regarding the limitation of military burdens, and as military burdens have been considerably augmented in almost all countries since 1899 it declares it is highly desirable to see the governments earnestly resume the study of this question."

The rules approved for the opening of hostilities and the conduct of war on land were these: "The contracting powers agree that hostilities must not begin without previous unequivocal notice having been given, either in the form of a declaration of war setting forth its motives or in the form of an ultimatum with a conditional declaration of war.

"A state of war must be notified without delay to the neutral powers, the effect for the latter beginning after they receive notice, which can be given even by wire. In any case the neutral pow

ers cannot protest against the lack of this notice if it is established that they undoubtedly knew that a state of war existed.

"The territory of neutral states is inviolable. "Belligerents cannot establish wireless telegraph stations in neutral territory or any other means of communication with belligerent forces on land

or sea.

"Volunteers cannot be enlisted or a body of combatants formed in neutral territory.

"The exportation of provisions from neutral states and the transport of provisions for belligerents are forbidden.

"Belligerents are allowed to use means of communication belonging to neutrals or private companies.

"Prisoners who escape to neutral territory, if recaptured by troops, must, after having asked for refuge in a neutral state, be set free.

"A neutral state can defend its neutrality by force without this constituting an act of hostility.'

In the matter of the collection of contractual debts or disputed money claims it was agreed by most of the delegates that such debts must be submitted to arbitration before recourse is had to armed force. This proposition was advocated by the United States, in the belief that it would prevent wars between European countries and the republics of Central and South America.

The resolution on obligatory arbitration declared that the principle was unanimously favored by the conference, which believed, further:

"That certain differences, especially those regarding the interpretation and application of conventional clauses, are susceptible of being submitted to obligatory arbitration without restriction. The conference unanimously proclaims that while a convention on the subject was not concluded. the differences of opinion had more of a judicial character, as all the states of the world, in working together for four months, not only learned to know each other better by getting closer together, but developed during this long collaboration high ideals for the common welfare."

The following resolution with regard to future conferences was adopted:

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"The conference recommends to the powers the convocation of a third conference within a period similar to that which elapsed between the former conferences, leaving the exact date to be fixed in common accord by the powers. The conference calls the attention of the powers to the necessity of having the work of the conference prepared sufficient time before its meeting so that its deliberations may be taken with indispensable authority and rapidity. To attain this object the conference thinks it very desirable that about two years before the probable date of convocation a preparatory committee be intrusted by the governments with the collection of the different propositions to be submitted to the conference and the gathering of matters susceptible of being embodied in international regulations, and that the committee prepare a programme about which the governments will agree early enough to have it earnestly studied in each country. The conference recommends that this committee be also instructed to propose a system of organization and procedure for the conference."

AMERICAN PEACE CONGRESS.

A national arbitration and peace congress, the prime mover of which was Andrew Carnegie, was held in New York, N. Y., April 14-17, 1907. Thirtysix states were represented by delegates and speeches were made by Earl Grey, Ambassador James Bryce, Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, Elihu Root, Samuel Gompers, William J. Bryan and others and a letter was read from President Roosevelt. Resolutions were passed urging the formation of a more permanent and comprehensive international union for the development of inter

national law and the maintenance of the peace of the world; making The Hague conference a permanent institution; opening The Hague court to all the nations of the world; the drafting of a general treaty of arbitration to be ratified by all the nations, providing for the reference to The Hague court of international disputes which cannot be adjusted by diplomacy; the adoption of the proposition to extend immunity to private property at sea, and the consideration of the question limiting national armaments.

STATES AND TERRITORIES.

The following table gives the capitals, governors, their salaries and terms of office and data regarding the state legislatures.

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Montgomery... B. B. Comer, D..

4

Sitka

W. B. Hoggatt, R..

4

$5,000 Jan. 1911 +Jan. 1911 50 days 3,000 June1908

Phoenix.

J. H. Kibbey, R.,

4

Little Rock..

John S. Little, D..

2

Sacramento....J. N. Gillett, R...

4

H. A. Buchtel, R....

2

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2,600 July 1910 *Jan. 1909 60 days 3,500 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 60 days 6,000 Jan. 1911 *Jan. 1909 60 days 5,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 90 days 4,000 Jan. 1909 Jan. 1908 None. 2,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 None.

Washington.

Idaho..

Tallahassee.. Atlanta. Honolulu. Boise City..

N. B. Broward, D...

Hoke Smith, D..

Walter F. Frear, R..

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Springfield..

F. R. Gooding. R.... C. S. Deneen, R

A. B. Cummins, R.

Edward W. Hoch, R. A. E. Willson, R..... N. C. Blanchard. D.. Wm. T. Cobb, R..

A. L. Crothers, D...

Curtis Guild. Jr., R. Fred M. Warner, R. John A. Johnson, D..

Edmond F. Noel, D..

G.E.Chamberlain, D. Edwin S Stuart, R.. +James F. Smith, R.. R. H. Post, R.....

J. H. Higgins, D...... M. F. Ansel, D.

Coe I. Crawford, R..

M. R. Patterson, D..

T. M. Campbell, D..
John Cutler, R..
F. D. Proctor, R..
C. A. Swanson, D....

Albert E. Meade, R.. W. M. O. Dawson, R.

J. O. Davidson, R...

Cheyenne..

B. B. Brooks, R....

3.500 Jan. 1909 *Apr. 1909 60 days 3,000 June 1909 Nov.1908 50 days 5,000 June 1911 Feb. 1908

3,000 Jan. 1909 *Dec. 1909 60 days 12,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 None. 5,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 60 days 3.000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1908 None. 3,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 40 days 6,500 Dec. 1911 *Dec 1908 60 days 5,000 May 1908 *May 1908 60 days 2,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 None. 4,500 Jan. 1912 *Jan. 1908 90 days 8,000 Jan. 1909 Jan. 1908 None. 4,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 None. 5,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 90 days 3,500 Jan. 1912 *Jan. 1908 60 days 5.000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 70 days 5,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 60 days 2,500 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 60 days 4,000 Jan. 1911 *Jan. 1909 60 days 2,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 None. 10,000 Jan. 1911 Jan. 1908 None. 2,600 Jan. 1910 *Jan. 1909 60 days 10,000 Jan. 1909 Jan. 1908 None. 3,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 60 days 3,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 60 days 8,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1908 None. 4,500 Jan. 1912 *Jan. 1909 None. 1,500 Jan. 1911 *Jan. 1909 40 days 10,000 Jan. 1911 *Jan. 1909 None. 15,000

3,000 Jan. 1909 Jan. 1908 None. 3,500 Jan. 1909 Nov. 1908 None. 2,500 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 60 days 4,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 75 days 4,000 Jan 1909 *Jan. 1909 90 days 2,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 60 days 1,500 Oct. 1908 *Oct. 1908 None. 5,000 Jan. 1910 *Dec. 1909 90 days 4,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 60 days 2,700 Mar. 1909 *Jan. 1909 45 days 5,000 Jan. 1909 *Jan. 1909 None. 2,500 Jan. 1911 *Jan. 1909] 40 days

Republican governors of states, 26; democratic governors, 20.

*Biennial sessions. +Appointed by the president. ‡Quadrennial sessions.

MAYORS AND CITY COUNCILS.

Terms of office and salaries in twenty-five leading cities.

4

2

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STATES AND TERRITORIES.

The following table gives valuable historical data as to the states and territories, their area, population and electoral vote.

STATE OR TERRITORY.

Alabama.

Alaska Territory

Arizona Territory

Arkansas..

California.

Colorado..

Connecticut.. Delaware..

District of Columbia

Florida...
Georgia.
Guam Colony.

Hawaii Territory..
Idaho....

Illinois...

Indiana.

Iowa....

Kansas..

Kentucky.

Louisiana..

Maine...

Maryland.
Massachusetts.

Michigan..
Minnesota.
Mississippi.

Missouri..

Montana..

Nebraska.

Nevada..

New Hampshire..

New Jersey..

New Mexico Territory

New York.....

North Carolina..

North Dakota.

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Aug. 12, 1898.

8,661

tApril 30, 1900. 154,001
July 3, 1890... 161,772
Dec. 3, 1818... 4.821,550
Dec. 11, 1816.. 2,516,462
March 3, 1845. 2,231,853
Jan. 29, 1861.. 1.470,495
Feb. 4, 1792... 2,147,174
April 8, 1812.. 1,381,625
March 3, 1820. 694,466
April 28, 1788. 1.188,044
*Feb. 6, 1788... 2,805,346
Jan. 26, 1837.. 2,420,982
May 11, 1858.. 1,751,394
Dec. 10, 1817.. 1,551,270
March 2, 1821. 3.106,665
Nov. 8, 1889... 243,329
March 1, 1867.
Oct. 13, 1864...!
*June 21, 1788.

*Dec. 18, 1787..

1,893,810

4,157.545

52,250 Mobile.... 577.390 Sitka.... 113.020 Tucson... 53.850 Ark'nsas Post 158,360 San Diego.... 103,925 Near Denver. 4,990 Windsor..... 2,050 Cape Henlopen..

70

58.680 St. Augustine 59,475 Savannah

150 Agana... 6,740

84,800 Coeur d'Alene 56,650 Kaskaskia.. 36,350 Vincennes.. 56,025 Burlington. 82,080

1702 French... 1801 Russians.. 1580 Spaniards 1685 French... 1769 Spaniards... 1858 Americans.. 1635 Puritans....

1627 Swedes... 1660 English. 1565 Spaniards. 1733 English.

Spaniards..

40,400 Lexington... 1765 From Va...

48.720 Iberville.

33,040 Bristol..

12.210 St. Mary's..... 1634 English..

8,315 Plymouth. 58,915 Near Detroit. 83,365 St. Peter's R.. 46,810 Natchez. 69,415 St. Louis. 146,080

77,510 Bellevue... 110,700 Genoa....

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1831 Americans..

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1699 French.

7

1624 English..

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1620 Puritans. 1650 French.. 1805 Americans.. 1716 From S. C.. 1764 French...

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1809 Americans....

1,066.300

1847 Americans...

42,335

1850 Americans.... 1

3

411,588

9,305 Dover and

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Portsmouth 1623 Puritans... 1620 Swedes.. 122.580 Santa Fe... 1537 Spaniards.. 49,170 Manhattan Id 1614 Dutch. 52,250 Albemarle.... 1650 English..

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319,146

70,795 Pembina.

1780 French..

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1670 Huguenots..

7

9

401.570

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958.800

92.531

*Ratified the constitution. Organized as territory. Delegate. Signing of protocol relinquishing sovereignty. **Yielding sovereignty. ††Commissioner.

Historians do not all agree as to some of the

24,780 Wheeling.. 56,040 Green Bay. 97.890 Ft. Laramie.. dates in the above table. from the statistical abstract of the United States published by the government and are well supported in all disputed cases.

NATIONAL PARKS IN THE UNITED STATES.

The dates given are

77.650 Sioux Falls... 42,050 Ft. Loudon... 1757 English.. 265,780 Matagorda B.

1856 Americans.

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1686 French.

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84,970 Salt Lake City 1847 Americans. 9,565 Ft. Dummer.. 1764 English. 42,450 Jamestown,.. 1607 English.. 69.180 Astoria...

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1811 Americans.. 1774 English..

5

1670 French.

11

13

1834 Americans...

Ohio....
Oklahoma.
Oregon..

Pennsylvania.

Philippines.
Porto Rico...

Rhode Island..

South Carolina..

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96,030 Astoria... 45,215 Delaware R.. 114,000 Manila...

3,600 Caparra... 1,250 Providence.. 30,570 Port Royal..

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THE NEW STATE OF OKLAHOMA.

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The qualified electors of the state shall be male citizens of the United States. male citizens of the state and male persons of Indian descent who are over 21 years of age, who have resided in the state one year, in the county six months and in the election precinct thirty days. Felons, paupers, inmates of prisons and insane persons are excluded. Women are qualified to vote at schooldistrict elections.

INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM. Legislative authority shall be vested in a legislature, but the people reserve to themselves the power to propose laws and amendments to the constitution and to enact or reject the same at the polls independent of the legislature and also reserve power at their own option to approve or reject at the polls any act of the legislature.

Eight per cent of the legal voters shall have the right to propose any legislative measure and 15 per cent of the legal voters shall have the right to propose amendments to the constitution by petition. A referendum may be ordered, except as to laws necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health or safety, either by petition signed by 5 per cent of the legal voters or by the legislature as other bills are enacted. The veto power of the governor shall not extend to measures voted on by the people. The powers of the initiative and referendum are also reserved to the legal voters of every county and district as to local legislation or action.

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charities and corrections and commissioner of insurance. The term of office is four years and the governor, secretary, auditor and treasurer are not eligible immediately to succeed themselves.

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.

The judicial power of the state shall be vested in the senate, sitting as a court of impeachment, a supreme court, district courts, county courts and such other courts as may be established by law. The Supreme court shall consist of five judges elected for six-year terms. The state is divided into twenty-one judicial districts, in each of which a district judge is elected except that in the 13th district two are elected. The term of a district judge is four years.

IMPEACHMENT AND REMOVAL.

The governor and other elective state officers, including the justices of the Supreme court, shall be liable to impeachment for willful neglect of duty, corruption in office, habitual drunkenness, incompetency or any offense involving moral turpitude committed while in office. All elective officers not liable to impeachment shall be subject to removal from office in such manner and for such causes as may be provided by law. The house of representatives shall present all impeachments and the senate, with the chief justice presiding, shall act as a court of impeachment.

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CORPORATIONS.

Every railroad, car or express company shall each receive and transport without delay or discrimination each other's cars, loaded or empty, and passengers under such regulations as shall be prescribed by law or any commission created for that purpose. All oil-pipe companies shall be subject to the reasonable control and regulation of the corporation commission, to which telephone and telegraph lines are also subject in the same manner. No public-service corporation shall consolidate with any other like corporation having under its control a parallel or competing line except by enactment of the legislature upon the recommendation of the corporation commission. The legislature, however, shall never enact any law permitting any public-service corporation to consolidate with any other public-service corporation organized under the laws of any other state or of the United States owning or controlling a parallel or competing line in the state. The giving of passes by railroad or transportation companies is forbidden except in the case of employes and other specified persons.

CORPORATION COMMISSION. A corporation commission is created to be composed of three persons, elected by the people for terms of six years. The commission shall have power to supervise and control all transportation and transmission companies in the state in all matters relating to the performance of their public duties and their charges therefor and of correcting abuses and preventing unjust discrimination and extortion by such companies; and to that end the commission shall from time to time prescribe and enforce such rates, charges, classification of charges and rules and regulations and shall require the companies to establish and maintain C. N. HASKELL. until amended all such (First governor of Oklahoma.) public service, facilities

and conveniences as may be reasonable and just.

TWO-CENT FARES.

Railroads, other than street or electric roads. shall not charge more than 2 cents a mile for the

transportation of passengers. The corporation commission may, however, exempt those roads which submit proof that they cannot earn a just compensation for the services rendered by them to the public if not permitted to charge more than 2 cents a mile.

PRIVATE CORPORATIONS.

No corporation shall issue stock except for money, labor done or property actually received to the amount of the par value thereof and all fictitious increase of stock or indebtedness shall be void.

No corporation doing business in the state shall be permitted to influence elections or official duty by contributions of money or anything of value. Every license issued or charter granted to a mining or public-service corporation, foreign or domestic, shall contain a stipulation that such corporation will submit any difference it may have with employes in reference to labor to arbitration. The selling by firms or corporations of commodities at a lower rate in one locality than in another for the purpose of creating a monopoly or for destroying competition is prohibited.

TAXATION AND EDUCATION.

The articles in the constitution dealing with revenue and taxation, state and school lands, homestead and exemptions and education are in general similar to those in other states. Separate schools are to be provided for white and negro children. Attendance at school of all children between the ages of 8 and 16 years for at least three months in the year is compulsory. Textbooks are to be uniform. The elements of agriculture, horticulture, stock feeding and domestic science are to be taught in the common schools.

BANKS AND BANKING.

General laws shall be enacted by the legislature for the creation of a banking department to be under the control of a bank commissioner, who shall be appointed by the governor. The legal rate of interest shall be 6 per cent per annum, but by contract a rate not to exceed 10 per cent may be agreed upon.

MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS. Municipal corporations shall not be created by special but by general laws and every corporation now existing shall continue with its present rights and powers until otherwise provided by law. The powers of the initiative and referendum are reserved to the people of every municipal corporation. No municipal corporation shall ever grant, extend or renew a franchise without the approval of a majority of the qualified electors residing within its limits and no franchise shall be granted, extended or renewed for more than twenty-five years.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Eight hours shall constitute a day's work in all cases of employment by the state or any county or municipality.

The contracting of convict labor is prohibited. The employment of children under the age of 15 years in any occupation injurious to health or morals or especially hazardous to life or limb is prohibited.

POPULATION STATISTICS.

A special census of the inhabitants of Indian Territory and the territory of Oklahoma was taken by the federal bureau of the census as of July 1, 1907. The returns showed that Oklahoma had a population of 733.062 and Indian Territory 681,115, or a combined population of 1,414,177. The population of Indian Territory in 1907 and 1900 by nations was as follows:

Cherokee nation.. Chickasaw nation.. Choctaw nation. Creek nation... Seminole nation.. Reservations

1907.

1900.

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