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ROFESSOR YOUNG in his farewell address to the

Philadelphia meeting of the American Association

for the Advancement of Science, spoke of the great red spot which has for many years been the most remarkable feature of the planet Jupiter as a mystery "probably hiding within itself the master-key to the constitution of the great orb of whose inmost nature it was an outward and most characteristic expression." Without altogether accepting the view of the red spot thus metaphorically presented, I must most thoroughly express my agreement with the opinion underlying Professor Young's rhetoric. The great red spot on Jupiter is undoubtedly the most mysterious of all the phenomena which even the Prince of Planets has presented to the student of astronomy. A vast opening, about 150 millions of square miles in extent, lasting many years, undergoing changes of shape and of position most remarkable in character, this great red spot undoubtedly contradicts emphatically all the old-fashioned ideas respecting Jupiter: and it as certainly presents many perplexing questions for those to answer who have adopted the more modern ideas.

Yet it has always seemed to me that the more remarkable a phenomenon is the better is it worth studying, and the more likely is it to reward careful study by truthful information. A perplexing problem of this kind may be compared to a complicated lock, which will not open to any ordinary key; but when a key which will open it has been found then may we feel well assured that that key is the right one; whereas when a commonplace phenomenon has been accounted for, we can have no more certainty that our solution is right than we can feel respecting a key (one perhaps among a dozen) which will open a lock of commonplace construction. Without claiming that as yet the correct solution of the problem of the great red spot has been found, or even that it can be, let us proceed to examine the problem with a view to the determination of at least some of the points which the true solution must interpret.

It was in the year 1876 that the great red spot was first observed by Professor Pritchett of Glasgow, Missouri. But I have before me a picture drawn by Professor Mayer, of the Stevens Institute, Hoboken, in 1871, wherein the place afterwards occupied by the spot is marked by an oval ring of about the same size and shape. Whether this was actually the first beginning of the disturbance, or merely a coincidence, cannot now be very readily determined: but it is at least worth noting, even though it should be no more than a coincidence.

When first observed the great spot was symmetrical and well defined in shape, and of a somewhat strong ruddy tint. It was about 150 millions of square miles in extent (as was also the space enclosed within the oval ring seen by Professor Mayer). The greater axis of the oval was nearly three times as long as the shorter, but part of the difference was due to foreshortening. From a study of several hundred pictures I am led to conclude that the greater axis of the spot was not more than 2 times longer than the shorter axis. Observations made by the late Professor H. Draper with the spectroscope seem to suggest that the light of the ruddy spot was in part inherent; but others question whether the evidence accepted by Professor Draper was altogether valid. The spot continued visible, with little change of form or colour for about six years, after which time, though it remained visible, it lost its symmetry of form and its characteristic ruddy tint. It was half-veiled for a time (at least in appearance) by the extension of a cloud belt. lying north of it, as though this cloud belt lying at a. higher level had spread farther and farther over the spot.. At present the spot, or rather the traces of the spot, can still be seen; but it no longer presents any of thefeatures, except enormous extension, which made it so remarkable a feature of the planet from 1876 to 1882.

It was noteworthy that compared with the equatorial markings on Jupiter the great spot seemed to lag, as if the equatorial cloud belt were whirled round in a shorter time than the side zone on which the spot was seen.

The first point to be noticed, in this remarkable phenomenon, appears to me to be that which the eye first recognises, the symmetrical shape which the spot pre-sented. Of course the spot was less symmetrical when seen with high powers than when observed with a small telescope; but the symmetry of shape was none the less remarkable that it belonged to the spot as a whole rather than to the spot when minutely examined and largely magnified.

The

Of course symmetry of form implies, in such a case, uniformity in the action of the forces at work in determining form,-in this case, uniformity in the action by which the spot was produced. The path along which a projectile travels is uniform, apart from atmospherie resistance, because a uniform force is at work on the missile from the beginning to the end of its career. action on the projectile is along lines always parallel and vertical; consequently the symmetry of the path is related to the vertical: a vertical line divides the path into two portions perfectly resembling each other. Again, the course of a planet round the sun, or of a ball swung round a centre, is symmetrical, because of the uniformity of the forces directed towards the centre. In one case the path is elliptical, in the other the path is circular,, but in each case the central nature of the forces at work on the moving body tend to make the path symmetrical with reference not to a line but to a centre. Again, observe a whirlpool, a tornado, the shapes of the clouds seen around a volcanic crater during eruption, and even

the rounded forms of summer clouds, and we see in each case how tendencies towards or from a centre result in giving uniformity of shape to the aggregation of matter resulting from such tendencies. The existence of a shape centrally symmetrical, whether circular or elliptical, implies in every case the existence of forces tending either from or towards a centre. I know of no exception to this rule in nature, though of course artificial productions may show symmetrical forms without giving evidence of central forces.

We may assume then that whatever were the forces at work in forming and maintaining the great red spot on Jupiter, they were related in some way to the centre of the oval region affected by them. They may have produced motion from that centre, or motion towards it, or there may have been movements of both sorts: but assuredly central forces were at work in some way or ways, where the great red spot was formed.

While the symmetry of the spot's shape forces on us this general conclusion, the greater length of the spot in one direction than in another possesses also a special significance.

I

(To be continued.)

THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE.

BY ADA S. BALLIN. XIV.

HAVE spoken at considerable length of the deaf and dumb, a class shut off from the use of articulate speech by physical inability, which may, to a certain extent, be overcome by long years of patient teaching on the oral system, but I have now to speak of a class of unfortunates who, although by no means idiotic, are, through brain disease, deprived of the use of verbal language. In this class I do not include those cases where the power of using language is lost, but that of understanding it is retained, or such cases as the following, mentioned by the late Sir Benjamin Brodie-the case of a gentleman, who, two years after an apoplectic stroke, suddenly lost the power of speaking and of understanding articulate speech, while still able to read and write. A letter read to him conveyed no ideas to his mind, but if he read it himself he understood it perfectly. He recovered from this attack, but had a similar one afterwards. Although these are of great interest from a pathological point of view, they do not imply loss of control over language as such.

In the understanding and production of language many brain centres are implicated,* but its intelligent use is dependent on a comparatively small cerebral area, namely, the posterior half of the third frontal convolution, as it is called Broca's Convolution, and especially that of the left hemisphere. This is supported by the fact that some degree of right-side paralysis generally co-exists with the affection of the faculty of speech by brain disease. Movements of the right side of the body are dependent on action of the left side of the brain, and the development of the left hemisphere corresponds to the superior activity of the right hand over that of the

left. In the comparatively rare cases of left-handed persons the right side of the brain has attained the higher development, and in these cases when left-side paralysis co-exists with injury to the faculty of speech

The physiology of the subject is fully treated in Dr. Bastian's work, "The Brain as an Organ of Mind."

post-mortem examination reveals damage to Broca's Convolution on the right side. Injury to the brain-centres on which language depends may exist in any degree of severity, from mere functional affection to total destruction, and speech is correspondingly impaired or lost.

CASE 1-An interesting case has been recorded by Dr. Banks, in which a gentleman, aged about seventyfive, suddenly lost all power of understanding what was spoken by others, and retained but a slight ability to understand written or printed matter. He could not himself use words intelligibly. It was impossible to get him to understand anything, and his meaning could only be guessed at by his gestures; and the very few words he retained were generally misapplied. Wishing to inform his medical attendant, Dr. Kidd, that his bottle of liniment was nearly empty, he said, "Bring the cord;" at another time he spoke of the pills he had been taking as "potatoes." One day, when giving his waistcoat to be put away, with his watch in the pocket, he said: "Take care of the break-fall." He was quite deaf. His powers of speaking and writing varied at different times; the letters sometimes containing properly-written words, but being almost unintelligible. He wrote his address several times on different sheets of paper, but some of the words were imperfect. My dear sir" was written correctly, but the sheet was filled with meaningless writing, only the one word, "wife," being legible until the signature, which was in his usual hand. An indication that his intelligence was fairly retained is given by the fact that at the time when a remittance was due from his agent he was much excited every morning, asking often for something. At last it occurred to one of the family to show him his agent's letter. This pleased him; but he was not quite satisfied until the money was brought and counted in his presence. Some shillings were not shown him at first, but when he saw them he seemed to know all was right.

66

CASE 2.-A much more severe case is related by Dr. Broadbent of a painter, aged 42. His speech was a mere jabber, in which "Ma" and "Mum" were prominent; it was accompanied with excessive gesticulation, smiles, and facial expression. He seemed not to recognise the state of his speech, for he continued to jabber as if he thought he was understood; but he also made signs. "The gestures," said the doctor, were very striking, when we had a key to their meaning. was stated that he said 'Yes' or 'No,' and 'Oh, my!' at times; but he did not use even these simple words before us." He could not write intelligibly, nor even copy his own signature. He did not understand what was said to him, and repeatedly put out his tongue when told to close his eyes; but imitated the desired act after Dr. Felce.

It

CASE 3.-Trousseau mentions the case of a lady who was very rational in her actions, but used words quite irrelevantly without perceiving it. She rose courteously to receive a visitor, and, pointing to a chair, said, Cochon, animal, fichu bête!" which her son-in-law explained by saying, "Madame vous invite à vous asseoir."

CASE 4. A striking case of complete loss of control over language, with retention of the power of understanding it and of intelligence as shown by actions and gestures, is that of M. X- recorded by Trousseau, who *Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science, February, 1865, I number the cases quoted here to facilitate the references which will be made to them in the succeeding article.

p. 78.

+ Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, 1872, p. 170.