whites, and placed in the hands of herself and her native advisers. For the first time in the history of the Islands a race antagonism was created. Among the natives an enthusiasm was aroused for a return to the ancient native rule of the country. The queen was vigorously insisting that her ministry should unite with her in announcing the new constitution. They, however, shrank from the step, well knowing that it would with certainty precipitate revolt and perhaps bloodshed; and they warned her that to persist in her undertaking would be to imperil her sovereignty. But these remonstrances were of no avail, and the queen even resorted to threats to induce her ministers to yield.

The white population, alarmed at the persistence of the queen, and seeing that their liberties, their property, and perhaps their lives were imperilled, were on the verge of rebellion. Public meetings were held, and the situation was thoroughly discussed amid the wildest excitement.

At this alarming juncture the Boston reentered the harbor, and Minister Stevens returned to his post. The queen, delayed in

her purpose by the reluctance of her ministers, was making an impassioned speech from the balcony of the palace to the crowd below. She denounced her ministers because, by their refusal to comply with her demands, they were crushing out the true spirit of the Hawaiian people. She was followed by two native adherents, who still more sought to inflame the passions of the native people, and who urged them to rise against their oppressors and slay them.

This outburst of the queen and her supporters was accompanied by a display of arms. The entire military force of the kingdom, augmented by the police of the city, was paraded through the streets, armed with repeating rifles and fully supplied with ammunition. Additional armed men, to the number of more than five hundred, were assembled at the police station and at the barracks, in readiness to carry into effect the queen's commands.

This was on Saturday afternoon, the 14th of January. A mass meeting of citizens was called, to convene on the afternoon of Monday, the 16th. Sunday was passed in out

ward calm, but with inward apprehensions. All Honolulu felt that it was slumbering above a volcano upon the verge of action. On Monday a large number of citizens assembled; and vigorous protests against the proposed action of the queen were made, and were received by the assemblage with every evidence of approval. A "Committee of Public Safety" was appointed, of which the Hon. Henry E. Cooper, a Massachusetts man by birth and education, was named chairman. Other members of this committee were Andrew Brown, J. A. McCandless, Theodore F. Lansing, John Emmeluth, C. Bolte, Ed. Suhr, Henry Waterhouse, W. C. Wilder, F. W. McChesney, Lorrin A. Thurston, and William O. Smith. The meeting then adjourned amid great enthusiasm, every person present seeming determined to resist to the utmost the attempted aggressions upon their liberties.

At this juncture the queen, evidently alarmed at the opposition with which the disclosure of her plans was met, caused it to be announced that she would no longer insist upon the immediate promulgation of the new

constitution, but would defer it until her ministers could be induced to act in harmony with her. A proclamation addressed to her native subjects in their own language was posted in the streets, in which document the queen asserted that she had been unable to give them the proposed constitution, through the recalcitrance of her ministers, admonishing them to be patient, and assuring them that she would soon give them a constitution which should fulfil all their desires.

This proclamation served to neutralize any effect which the protestations of the queen might otherwise have had. The declaration of the queen of her intention to disregard the constitution which she had sworn to support was claimed to be equivalent to an abdication of her sovereignty. The Committee of Public Safety called upon the heads of departments in the government, and demanded their resignations. These were given without question, and the archives and government buildings and offices were surrendered to the representatives of the committee.

Thus far the revolution - for the movement had assumed this phase-had proceeded

peacefully; but it was feared that it could not end without riot and consequent bloodshed and incendiarism. The police station, with its civil force, was still nominally under the queen's control. Still, no effort was made by her to employ this power either to protect the city or to maintain her authority. Night was now coming, and incendiarism was beginning. In various quarters of the city were heard the rattle of the fire-engines and the shouts of the firemen. The condition was now almost one of anarchy. The queen had abandoned the palace, and had retired, with a few adherents, to her private residence in Washington Place. A general state of terror prevailed; and many of the white residents, with their wives and children, were hastening toward the mountains, which form the background of the city. No one could predict the extent to which this condition of affairs would spread. Fearing the destruction of the city, many appeals were made by anxious men and women, to the Committee of Public Safety, for the protection of the naval force of the United States. The queen had apparently abandoned all attempt to