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NONCONTIGUOUS POSSESSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES.

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

The Philippine islands were ceded to the United States by Spain Dec. 10, 1898. Maj.-Gen. Merritt was the first military governor. He was succeeded in August, 1899, by Maj.-Gen. E, S. Otis, who in turn was followed in May, 1900, by Maj.-Gen. Arthur MacArthur. The last named remained in office until July 4, 1901, when the military authority was transferred to Gen. A. R. Chaffee. By order of the president Gen. Chaffee was relieved of his duties as military governor July 4, 1902, and the office terminated. The Philippine -commission was at the same time made the superior authority. Sept. 2 the islands were divided into three military departments, to be known as the department of Luzon, the department of Visayas and the department of Mindanao.

July 1, 1902, congress passed an act providing temporarily for the government of the Philippines, providing for the election by popular vote, two years after a census of the islands had been taken and published, of delegates to an assembly, consisting of not more than 100 members nor less than fifty, apportioned among the provinces as nearly as possible according to population. This assembly should, together with the Philippine commission appointed by the president of the United States, exercise the legislative power heretofore exercised by the commission alone, the members of the commission acting as an upper house and the elected assemblymen as a lower house. The members of the assembly were to hold office two years and annual sessions of the legislature not exceeding ninety days in length were to be held.

The first election was held July 30, 1907, when eighty members of the legislature were chosen, the total vote being 97,803. The first session was formally opened Oct. 16 by William H. Taft, United States secretary of war, the first civil governor of the islands after they came into American possession. Sergio Osmena was elected president.

OFFICIALS AND SALARIES-The Philippine commission consisted in October, 1907, of James F. Smith of California, Prof. Dean C. Worcester of Michigan, W. Morgan Shuster of the District of Columbia, W. Cameron Forbes of Massachusetts and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Benito Legarda and Jose R. Luzuriaga of the Philippines. The officers in 1907 were:

Governor-General-James F. 2mith.

Vice-Governor and Secretary of Commerce and Police-Vacancy.

Secretary Interior Department-Dean C. Worces

ter.

Secretary Public Instruction-W. M. Shuster.
Executive Secretary-Arthur W. Fergusson.
Acting Auditor-William H. Clarke.
Treasurer-Frank A. Branagan.

Superintendent of Education-David P. Barrows. Director-General of Posts-C. M. Cotterman. Attorney-General-Gregorio Araneta. Collector of Customs-George R. Colton. Chief Justice Supreme Court-Cayetano Areliano. The governor receives $20,000 a year ($15,000 as governor-general) and the other American commissioners receive $15,500 each ($10,500 being for their services as heads of departments). The Filipino commissioners get $7,500 each, none of them being at the head of a department. The salaries of other leading officials are: Executive secretary, $9,000; assistant executive secretary, $6,000; auditor, $6,000; collector of customs, $6.000; attorney-general, $6,000; chief justice Supreme court, $10,500; associate justices, $10,000; superintendent of public education, $6,000: director-general of posts, $6,000; treasurer, $7,000.

AREA AND POPULATION-The total land and water area of the Philippine archipelago is 832,968 square miles and the population 7,635,436.

PRODUCTS AND CLIMATE-The chief products are hemp, sugar, coffee, tobacco leaf, copra, cigars and indigo. Between 600,000 and 700,000 bales of hemp are exported annually.

The climate of the Philippine islands is considered excellent for the tropics. The mean temper

ature in Manila ranges from 77 in January to 83 in May. June, July, August and September are the rainy months; March, April and May the hot and dry, and October, November, December, January and February the temperate and dry.

were:

TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES-The shipments of merchandise from the United States to the Philippines in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1907, amounted in value to $8,661,424, as compared with $5.459,444 in 1906. The principal articles sent Breadstuffs, $519,380; cotton manufactures, $1,646,299; iron and steel manufactures, $2,019,790; spirits, wines and liquors. $103,134; wood and manufactures of wood, $231.849. The imports amounted in value to $11,510,438, as compared with $12,337,927 in 1906. The principal articles imported were: Unmanufactured manila, $10,776,622; straw hats, $57,843; sugar, $442,092; tobacco, $8,412.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS-The total imports of the Philippine islands in the calendar year 1906 amounted to $26.403.768; total exports, $32,642,892. Of the exports $13,923.352 went to Europe and $6,325,008 to Asiatic countries.

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Population of Principal Islands-Bohol, 243, 148; Cebu, 592,247; Jolo, 44,718; Leyte, 357,641; Luzon, 3,798,507; Marinduque, 50,601; Mindanao, 499,634, of whom 252,940 are uncivilized; Negros, 460,776 (21,217 uncivilized); Panay, 743,646 (14,933 uncivilized); Samar, 222,690.

ISLAND OF PORTO RICO.

Porto Rico, according to the decision of the United States Supreme court in the insular cases May 27, 1901, is a territory appurtenant and belonging to the United States, but not a part of the United States within the revenue clause of the constitution. The island was ceded to the United States by Spain Dec. 10, 1898, and was under military rule until the Foraker law went into effect May 1, 1900. (For the provisions of that law see The Daily News Almanac for 1901.) In accordance with the third section of that act, the legislative assembly of Porto Rico having put into operation a system of local taxation to meet the necessities of government, President McKinley on the 25th of July, 1901-the anniversary of the landing of American troops on the island in 1898-proclaimed free trade between the United States and Porto Rico.

GOVERNMENT-Civil government, under the provisions of the Foraker act, was established May 1, 1900. The upper house consists of eleven members, six of whom are "cabinet" officers appointed by the president; the lower house is made up of thirty-five delegates elected by the people every two years. The governor, who is appointed by the president, has practically the same duties as the governor of any other territory of the United States. The present officers are: Governor, Regis H. Post; secretary, William F. Willoughby; resident commissioner in the United States, Tulio Larrinaga.

AREA AND POPULATION-The area of Porto Rico' is about 3,600 square miles and the population, as shown by the military census of 1889, is 953,243. Of these 941,751 are natives. The whites number 589,426 and the coloned 363,817. The colored are subdivided into 304,352 mestizos, 59,390 negroes and 75 Chinese. By departments the population is: Aguadilla, 99,645; Arecibo, 162,308; Bayamon, 147,681; Guayama, 111,986; Humacao, 100,866; Mayaguez, 127,566; Ponce, 203,191. The cities having more than 5,000 inhabitants are: San Juan, 32,048; Ponce, 27,952: Mayaguez, 15,187; Arecibo, 8,008; Aguadilla, 6.425; Yauco, 6,108; Caguas, 5,450; Guayama, 5,334.

COMMERCE-For the year ended June 30, 1907, the total domestic exports from Porto Rico to foreign countries were $4,899,372, and to the United States $22,065,245. Foreign imports amounted to $3,580,887, and imports from the United States amounted to $25,320,465. Of the exports Spain took $861,634; Cuba, $1,906,692; France, $975.462; Germany, $128,460; Austria-Hungary, $274,932. The leading articles of export are coffee, oranges, brown sugar and tobacco.

TERRITORY OF HAWAII.

Annexed to the United States Aug. 12, 1896.
Created a territory June 14, 1900.
Governor-Walter F. Frear.
Secretary-Henry E. Cooper.

1900 the total population of the territory is 154,001. In 1890 it was 89,990. The only large city is Honolulu, which in 1900 had a population of 39,306. By island divisions the population is as follows: Hawaii, 46,843; Kauai and Niihau, 20,734; Lanai and Maui, 25,416; Oahu, 58,504; Molokai, 2,504.

COMMERCE WITH THE UNITED STATES-The total value of the shipments of merchandise from Hawaii to the United States for the twelve months ended June 30, 1907, was $29,054,581. Brown sugar was the principal item, amounting to 804,249,041 pounds, valued at $26,860,002. The other articles of importance were: Coffee, $128,875; hides and skins, $141,883; fruits, $363,969; raw wool, $54,548; rice, $147,439. The total value of the shipments of merchandise from the United States to Hawaii was $14,124,376. The principal articles were: Iron, steel and machinery, $1,836,930; leather and manufactures of, $513,686; oils, $1,039,223; provisions, $616,282; tobacco, $569,940; lumber and manufactures of wood, $936,036; wool, manufactures of, $261,195; wines and liquors, $558,009.

TERRITORY OF ALASKA. Purchased from Russia in March, 1867. Organized as noncontiguous territory July 27, 1868.

Made a civil and judicial district June 6, 1900. Governor-W. B. Hoggatt. 577,390 square

AREA AND POPULATION-Area, miles; population in 1900, 63,592; estimated population in 1906, 82,516.

COMMERCE WITH THE UNITED STATES-The total value of the shipments of domestic merchandise from the mainland of the United States to Alaska in the year ended June 30, 1907, was $17,811,098. The principal articles were: Animals, $111,825; breadstuffs, $689,826; manufactures of cotton, $644,445; eggs, $364,717; fruits and nuts, $514,181; manufactures of iron and steel, $3,852,679; leather manufactures, $481,420. Total value of shipments of domestic merchandise from Alaska to the mainland, $12,106,824. The main articles were: Copper ore, $1,267,621; canned salmon, $8,423,146; fish of all kinds, including salmon, $9,145,250; whalebone, $367,872.

GOLD SHIPMENTS-From Alaska to the mainland, $18,583,702; from the mainland to Alaska, $842,214, of which $812,567 was in coin. The total gold shipments, including foreign gold, to the United States were $25,430,852.

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POPULATION-According to the federal census of U. S. N.

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In April, 1904, Andrew Carnegie placed in the hands of a commission the sum of $5,000,000 to be known as "the hero fund." Its purpose is to reward with medals and money the men and women who perform heroic deeds, or, in case they lose their lives, to care for those dependent upon them. Only such as follow peaceful vocations on sea or land in the United States and Canada are eligible to become beneficiaries of the fund. The headquarters of the commission is in Pittsburg, Pa., and F. M. Wilmot is the secretary. The first awards of medals and money were made in May, and others in October, 1905. The names of the recipients in that year will be found on page 360 of The Daily News Almanac and Year-Book for 1906 and of those in 1906 on page 247 of the volume for 1907.

HERO FUND.

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Widow of Herman Zick of Athens, Wis., silver medal and $1,500. Drowned while trying to save a comrade from death, June 16, 1905. Morris A. Nourse of Des Moines, Iowa, brouze medal for saving a schoolboy from drowning, July 19, 1905.

Mrs. Mary G. Black of Gardiner, Ore., silver medal for trying to save a woman from drowning. Both were saved from death by Mrs. Black's dog. Jeremiah M. Donovan of Oswego, N. Y., bronze medal and $500 for rescuing six men from a schooner, Oct. 20, 1905.

Samuel M. Stowe of Oregon City, Ore., bronze medal for saving a young man from drowning, July 20, 1906.

Thomas A. Harris of Ogden, Utah, bronze medal and $2,000 for rescuing from drowning a young woman, March 25, 1906.

George H. Poell of Grand Island, Neb., bronze medal and $250 for rescuing a child from in front of a locomotive, June 26, 1905. Widow of Herman J. Petzel of St. Louis, silver medal and $1,500. Petzel lost his life in trying to save a man from drowning, July 4, 1905. Father of Luther H. Wagner of Milton, Pa., silver medal and $25. The son lost his life in trying to save a young woman from drowning, Feb. 9, 1906.

Parents of Benjamin F. Willetts of Rushville, Mo., a silver medal and an annuity of $360. Willetts was drowned June 23, 1905, in trying to save three companions from drowning. He was the sole support of his parents.

Father of Miss Jewel H. Reed of St. Louis, silver medal. Miss Reed was burned to death in trying to save two women from a burning dwelling, Jan. 6, 1906.

Charles L. Haynes of Emporia, Kas., silver medal for rescue of drowning companion, Aug. 26, 1906. Widow of James H. Harris of Trenton, Tenn., silver medal and $1,500. Mr. Harris was drowned June 9, 1906, in trying to rescue his cousin. Awards announced May 15, 1907:

Earl D. Spencer of North Dighton, Mass., bronze medal for saving Frank Perry from drowning, Jan. 17, 1906.

Thomas B. Bockwich, Waterbury, Conn., bronze medal for saving child from drowning, Jan. 1, 1906.

Malcolm C. Auerbach, Ocean City, N. J., bronze nedal for making attempt to save man from drowning, July 7. 1907.

Lyndon B. Phifer, Rich Hill, Mo., bronze medal and $2,000 for educational purposes for saving boy of 5 from being run over by a train on a bridge.

Jessie R. Nelson, Washington, D. C., bronze medal and disablement benefit of $250 for saving child from being run over by a street car. She was badly injured.

Benton S. Gregory, 11 years old, Laceyville, Pa., bronze medal and $2,000 for educational purposes for saving man from drowning. June 29, 1906. Oliver L. Schmuck, Hanover, Pa., killed in Chi Psi house fire at Cornell university, Dec. 7, 1906, in trying to save a roommate; silver medal awarded to his father. 、

Clarence J. Pope, East Orange, N. J., silver medal for trying to save life of James McCutcheon at Chi Psi house fire.

Henry M. Curry, Pittsburg, Pa., silver medal, also for trying to save life of James McCutcheon. Gustav Wohl, Hartford, Conn., silver medal for saving boy from drowning, Dec. 28, 1905. Thomas H. Burns, Lowell, Mass., killed in attempting to save boy from drowning; father awarded silver medal.

George H. Williams, silver medal and $1,000 to liquidate mortgage for attempting to save a woman from being run over by an engine. John Morris, 60 years old, was killed in rescuing a woman from being killed by a train; widow is awarded silver medal and $450 a year until she remarries.

The sailors who went to the rescue of the passengers of the steamer Larchmont, wrecked in Block Island sound, Feb. 11, 1907, were rewarded thus:

Capt. John W. Smith, 53 years old, Block Island,

R. I., gold medal and sum of $4,000 for the edu cation of his two sons.

Albert W. Smith, 46 years old, Block Island, R. I., a brother of John W. Smith, gold medal and sum of $4,000 for the education of his two daughters.

George E. Smith, 51 years old, Block Island, R. I., a brother, gold medal and $2,000 for the education of his son.

Harry L. Smith, a nephew, 24 years old, Block Island, R. I., gold medal and $1,000 for the purchase of a home or some other worthy purpose. Earl A. Smith, a nephew, 20 years old, Block Island, R. I., gold medal and $2,000 for the education of his son.

Louis N. Smith, a nephew, 19 years old, Block Island, R. I., gold medal and $1,000 for the purchase of a home.

Jeremiah M. Littlefield, 40 years old, Block Island, R. I., brother-in-law of Capt. Smith, gold medal and $2,000 for the education of his son. Edgar Littlefield, 35 years old, Block Island, R. I.. a brother of Jeremiah, gold medal and $6,000 for the education of his three children. Awards announced Oct. 18, 1907:

William J. Breen, 32 years old, New York city, awarded bronze medal; saved Christopher Powers from drowning in a slip in the Hudson river. Phil G. Prognzer, 34 years old, fireman, New York city, bronze medal: saved Mrs. Annie Gearty from drowning in Atlantic_ocean at Coney Island. Leon Harris, 15 years old, Pensacola, Fla., bronze medal and $500 for educational purposes; saved Bernard Z. Johnson from drowning in Pensacola bay.

Thomas F. Maher, 39 years old, Boston, Mass., bronze medal and $1,500 to liquidate mortgage on his property; saved William Fitzgerald, a boy, from drowning in Dorchester bay. John B. Hill, 38 years old, a negro, Atlanta, Ga.. bronze medal and $500 to reimburse him on account of the loss sustained by being injured; Hill saved several persons during a runaway ac dent; he was recovering from an operation and was injured again.

Ralph F. Berlin, 22 years old, Santa Rosa island, Florida, bronze medal; saved three from drowning in Pensacola bay.

Charles Weiss, 15 years old, Bath Beach, N. Y., bronze medal and $2,000 for educational purposes; saved an unknown woman from drowning in Gravesend bay.

Frederick H. Hanker, 11 years old, Ellenville, N. Y., silver medal and $2,000 for educational purposes; saved Lemmons T. Gray, a companion, from drowning in Peerkill creek.

Gabriel Farrell, Jr., 20 years old, Somerville, Mass., bronze medal and $2,000 for educational purposes; saved two men from drowning in Charles river, Boston.

James T. Farrell, 21 years old, a brother of Gabriel, assisted in the above rescue and a week later died from typhoid fever, contracted, it is said, from water in Charles river; bronze medal awarded to his father.

Nels F. Nelson, 28 years old, Boston, Mass., silver medal; rescued Adam Haggerty from pump com of Boston Athletic association, which was filled with gas; Haggerty died the next day.

The following three men assisted Nelson in the rescue of Haggerty and were awarded bronze medals:

William J. Higgins, 39 years old, Boston. Thomas Lawrence, 32 years old, Boston. Thomas F. Taylor, 16 years old, Boston. Mrs. Rosa P. Schaller, 30 years old, New York city, silver medal; saved Miss Ida Weissman of Brooklyn from drowning in Long Island sound at North Beach.

Joseph Grady, 17 years old, New York city, silver medal; saved three children from cremation in apartment in East 123d street. New York. Charles W. Haight, 38 years old, West Winfield, N. Y., silver medal; saved child from being run over by train.

John C. Burns, 42 years old, Brooklyn, silver medal; saved Julia Puillier, 35 years old, from drowning in Atlantic ocean at Seagirt, N. J. Caroline Stanyon, 35 years old, Mount Vernon, N. Y., major salvation army, silver medal and $500 to reimburse her for loss sustained on ac

count of injuries; saved a child in a runaway accident and was herself seriously injured. Robert H. Canfield, 22 years old, East Orange, N. J., silver medal awarded to young man's father; Canfield was drowned while attempting to rescue several young ladies who had fallen out of a boat in Cayuga lake, New York. Nelson V. Smith, 34 years old, Lawrence, N. Y., silver medal; saved a young woman from being run over by a train at Mineola, N. Y. David Waterman, 63 years old, Rochester, N. Y., silver medal awarded to his brother; Waterman saved Mrs. Margaret Weber from death by a

LOUIS BRENNAN'S MONORAIL INVENTION.

The invention attracting the most attention in 1907 was that exhibited by Louis Brennan,' C. B., in May before the Royal society of London. It was a railway carriage carrying its own motive power and running on a single rail. Briefly described, the main features of the contrivance are as follows: Balance is secured by the application of the principle of the gyrostatic action of ro

MODEL OF BRENNAN'S INVENTION. tating bodies. The mechanism consists of two flywheels rotated directly by electric motors in opposite directions at a high velocity and mounted so that their gyrostatic action and stored-up energy can be utilized. The wheels are mounted on high-class bearings and are placed in exhausted cases, so that both air and journal friction is reduced to a minimum. Each vehicle is capable of maintaining its balance on an ordinary rail laid upon sleepers on the ground, whether it is standing still or moving in either direction at any rate of speed, though the center of gravity may be as high as eight or ten feet above the rail. The motive power may be steam, petrol, oil or gas. It is claimed that when the invention is perfected so that it can be put to practical use it will result in greater economy in the construction, equipment and operation of railways.

Newborn infants, per minute.. First year, per minute.... Second year, per minute... Third year, per minute.

train, but was fatally injured himself, dying the next day.

Lochlin M. Winn, 30 years old, Anniston, Ala., silver medal; saved three men from drowning in Spencer's mill pond, Clayton, Ala.

Andrew J. Hodger, 45 years old, Santa Fe. Kas.. gold medal and $5,000. Joseph King and William Nunn were caught by a cave-in of sand while at the bottom of a deep well at Pierceville, Kas. Nunn was suffocated and King slowly dying. Notwithstanding the fact that another cave-in seemed sure within a short time, Mr. Hodger was lowered into the well and succeeded in saving King and recovering Nunn's body.

ESPERANTO.

Esperanto is an artificial language invented by Dr. L. L. Zamenhof, a physician of Warsaw, Poland. It is intended not to displace languages now in use, but to be a second language for communication between persons of different nationalities. The principles upon which it is constructed render it much easier of acquirement than any other language. The roots of its words are chosen from the chief European tongues, embracing in addition some Latin roots and those from the Greek which have already been received into most languages. From these, by means of a system of prefixes and suffixes, a vast number of words may be formed, giving expression to every conceivable shade of meaning. The memorizing of a few hundred root words places the learner in possession of a vocabulary of several thousand words. The grammatical terminations are few and simple. There are no irregularities or exceptions to grammatical rules. A good knowledge of Esperanto may be acquired in three months.

Dr. Zamenhof's first book was published in 1887. The spread of the new language was at first slow, owing partially, perhaps, to the failure of Volapuk. As early as 1895 an Esperanto periodical was established in France and the language made rapid progress in that country. It began to win recognition in other continental countries and in 1902 was introduced into England. Not long thereafter it began to secure a foothold in the United States. The first periodical in America was published in Oklahoma in October, 1906. It is now published in Chicago. The second monthly was issued from Boston in January, 1907. There are at the present time probably thirty publications in various countries devoted to the propagation of Esperanto and printed either wholly or partly in that language. In addition many magazines and other periodicals have departments devoted to Esperanto. The number of persons studying the language at the present time must run into the hundreds of thousands and many men of prominence are giving it their indorsement and support. Clubs have been formed for its study in hundreds of towns and cities in the United States. The formation of state associations has also begun and one now exists in Illinois. National associations have been formed in many countries. It is now possible to secure an Esperanto correspondent in almost any portion of the world. Three international congresses have been held, the last at Cambridge, England, in 1907. At these gatherings representatives of more than twenty nationalities were present, all proceedings being conducted in Esperanto.

American Esperanto Association-President, Prof. G. B. Viles, Ohio State university, Columbus, 0.; secretary, John Fogg Twombly, 34 Green street, Brookline, Mass. Illinois Esperanto Association-President, Dr. Walter H. Fox, 92 State street, Chicago; secretary, Edwin C. Reed, 204 N. 1st street, Rockford, Ill. Chicago Esperanto Society-President, Dr. Walter H. Fox, 92 State street; secretary, J. Howard Pearson, 551 Waller avenue.

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PULSE AT DIFFERENT AGES.

130 to 140 .115 to 130

95 to 110 85 to 95

Seventh to fourteenth year, per minute.. 80 to 90
In adult age, per minute..
In old age, per minute....

70 to 75

60 to 75

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March 19, 1907, Dr. Emile Mauchamp, a French citizen. was murdered by Mohammedan fanatics in Marakesh, or Morocco City, Morocco, and other Europeans were attacked. The hostility of the natives had been aroused by the attempts of the French to establish a wireless telegraph system between the coast cities and by other acts which they resented. The French government in order to obtain reparation sent Gen. Lyautey with 3,000 troops to occupy Oudjah, a Moroccan town near the Algerian frontier, and this was successfully accomplished March 29. At the same time a demand was made upon the sultan for an indemnity and May 6 it was announced that he had agreed to comply. The French demand included the settlement of all claims, the carrying out of the Algeciras agreement and the punishment of various

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secure his release. July 31 Moroccan tribesmen raided the town of Casablanca, killing the native guards and seven Europeans. Steps were at once taken by France and Spain, acting under the Algeciras convention, to restore order. Both powers sent warships and landed troops. The latter were attacked by the Moors, whereupon Casablanca was bombarded, many men being killed. The city was occupied jointly by the French and Spanish, but most of the fighting was done by the former. eral battles were fought, in which the Moorish tribesmen lost heavily. Gen. Drude commanded the French land forces and Rear-Admiral Philibert the naval forces.

Sev

By the end of September most of the tribes had accepted the peace terms offered them, agreeing to disarm and indemnify all who had sustained losses through their uprising. In the meantime Mulai Hafid had proclaimed himself sultan at Morocco City and war between him and Sultan Abdul-Aziz began.

ASSOCIATED PRESS OFFICERS.

President-Frank B. Noyes, Chicago Record-Herald. First Vice-President-Charles H. Clark, Hartford Courant.

Second Vice-President-Rufus N. Rhodes, Birmingham (Ala.) News.

Secretary and General Manager-Melville E. Stone, New York, N. Y.

Assistant Secretary and Assistant General Manager-Charles S. Diehl, Chicago, Ill.

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