The Definite and Indefinite Articles. § 59. There is no Definite Article in Turkish; all nouns, when used alone in a sentence, are usually considered as definite. Ex.: ll baba the father, tana the mother, qardash the brother. § 60. The Indefinite Article is bir a, an. Ex.: bir at a horse, A5, bir keôpék a dog, j. bir qîz a girl, ɔī¿ bir adém a man. بر § 61. The Adjective always precedes the noun. Ex.: ,leoti bad کوتو iyi good الي ايو,gizel beautiful کول güzel qiz the beautiful girl, é-yi adém the good man, bir keôtú chojouq a bad boy. § 62. As in English, there is no unnatural distinction of Gender in Turkish, that is to say: the names of males are masculine; those of females feminine, and those of inanimate objects, neuter. Thus: baba is masculine, ana feminine, qiz feminine, boy' masculine. ogh-lan the keoy the village', are neuter. § 63. The Personal Pronouns are: & bén I, sén onlar they. sen thou, he, she, it. biz we, siz you, § 64. The Demonstrative Pronouns are: bou this, shou that (near by), so that (distant). § 65. The Present Tense of the Turkish Substantive Verb is the following: ? onlar mi_dirlar اونلر میدرلر ? « اونار مدرلر ? Am I? art thou? is he? etc. § 66. As will be seen, the question is expressed by adding mi, mou after the word emphasized by the question (§ 49 IV). Ex.: ? می ? 2 bên mà yim? Am I? (§ 53). gûl béyaz' mî dîr? Is the rose white? ? 5. 9. bou bir gûl' mû dûr? Is this a rose? ? gûl bou mou dour? Is this the rose? بو § 67. The third person is the Copula; its pronunciation, like that of mi is governed by the preceding vowel, and is: dir, dîr, dour, dûr, as the case may be (§ 52). دمی Loughétlér, Words. vé and éo-vet yes اوت év the house eo-kaz the ox اوکوز Note 1. These words, as well as those contained in the preceding rules, must be thoroughly committed to memory, before doing the exercise and translation. Note 2. Those words without any mark are Turkish in origin, those with an a Arabic, those with a p Persian, and those with an f foreign in origin. ٤ .1 Taleem, Exercise تعليم ا ا بر چوجوق چوجوق ۲ بر قوش . قوش. ۳ اوکوز . براوكوز. . . شو دره . بر دره . ه بر یاقین کوی . ياقين بركوى ٠ ٦ يوكسك بر يوكسك طاغ. ۷ اوزاق شهر . شهر اوزاقدر . او شهر اوزاق میدر بو بويوك طاغ . بو طاغ بويوك ميدر ? طاغ بويوك ميدر ? بر برطاغ بويوك طاغ ۹۰ ایو چوجوق . چوجوق ایودر . او ایو چوجوق . او چوجوق ایو بر چوجو قدر . ۱۰ بو آت . بر آت . آت . ایی آت . بو بر آت در . بر ایی آت . ات ایی در ۱۱ اوزاق بر شهر . بر ياقين شهر . شهر ياقين میدر ؟ شهر اوزاقدر . ۱۲ هوا الى در . هوا صيحاق ميدر ؟ هوا صغوقدر . ۱۳ قرداش و قیز قرداش زنكين درلر . قرداش ، قیز قرداش ، بابا و آنا ایو درلر٠ ١٤ سن بويوك ميسين كوچوك ميسين ! ? ١٥ قره قوش (eagle ) . قره ا Montenegro) . قره دکر (Black Sea) . آق دكر (Mediterranean) آقا بابا (vulture) . آق طاغ. 1 Observe that a parenthesis (...) encloses a word to be Térjémé, Translation 2. 1. The horse. A horse. A good horse. The good horse. A horse and an ox. 2. A house. A large house. The large house. The house is large. 3. A man. The man. A white man. The white man. 4. The Black Sea. The Black Mountain. The White Sea. The White Mountain. 5. A white rose. The white rose. The red rose. 6. A bad boy. This is a bad boy. This is the bad boy. 7. The house is near. The city is far. 8. A horse, a bird and an ox. The good horse and the big ox. 9. This bird is white. Is this bird white? It is black. 10. The brother is young. He is a good man. 11. The eagle is a large bird. That bird is a beautiful eagle. 12. The Mediterranean is a great sea. Correct the following sentences. بن ايم كوچوك ۲ سین سن گنج . ۳ اوزار درار زنگین . بابا درلر ایو ه آت در کوتو٠ ٦ او شهر در اوزاق ۷ شهر اوزاق 1 ۱۰ قوش بويوك در ? در ۸ در هوا صیجاق ؟ ۹ اوت او در . translated, or an annotation, whereas brackets [. . .] signify "leave out". 1 In such answers the predicate cannot be omitted. It must be evvét, sijaq dîr. .2 Lesson درس ۲ § 68. The Substantive Verb. The Turkish Plural is formed by adding the affix to the singular. This affix is pronounced lar, after hard vowels, and ler after soft ones. Ex.: : deynek stick دكنك .deynekler sticks دكنكار .kodiler cats كديار : ledi cat كدى : kopra bridge کوپری .kéopraler bridges کوپر یار : gapou door قبو .qapoular doors قپولر ~` khî-sîm relative: § 69. Akhi-simlar relatives. Titles of respect are given to persons according to their dignity, office and occupation. S éffen'di Sir, Mr., is peculiar to clergymen and educated people. a-gha or vulg. a-a', to tradesmen, labourers and old men; it means Mr., Esq. béy, prince, is given to civil functionaries and popularly to any person of supposed distinction. Each of these titles is put after the name of the person himself, not after his family name, as in English (§ 495). Ex.: Sol bell, El bal Ah'méd éffendi, Ah’méd agha, Ah ́méd béy. § 70. When the subject is a pronoun it is often bén éyï'yim iyiyim ایو ایم bin eyiyim or بن ايوايم :.omitted (120). Ex sis tonbel siniz or سز تنبل سكر ;I am well تنبل سكز ténbél' siñiz you are idle. § 71. In Turkish, as in English, the adjective precedes the noun, and never varies, being the same whether it qualifies a singular or a plural substantive, a masculine or a feminine noun. كوزل چيجك :.Ex كوزل چیچکار gúzél chichék beautiful flower: gúzél chichéklér |