to every one, according to the conditions agreed on with the 1665. adventurers, reserving one half penny sterling for every acre, payable in March, 1670. King Charles, in aid of the laudable exertions of his courtiers, gave them 12 pieces of ordnance, which were now sent to Charles river, with a considerable quantity of warlike stores. In the autumn, Yeamans conducted from Settlement Barbadoes a body of emigrants, who landed on the southern bank by emiof Cape Fear. He cultivated the good will of the natives, and grants from ensured a seven years' peace. The planters, in opening the forest to make room for the operations of tillage, "necessarily prepared timber for the uses of the cooper and builder; which they transmitted to the island whence they had emigrated, as the first object of a feeble commerce, that kindled the spark of industry, which soon gave animation to the whole."

"2

Barbadoes.

The English inhabitants of Maryland now amounted to 16,000.3 Maryland. This rapid progress in population is ascribed to the liberal policy of lord Baltimore at the first settlement of Maryland; the liberty given by law to all denominations of Christians to settle in that province; and the mild and impartial administration of governor Calvert.

The government of Rhode Island passed an order to outlaw Order of quakers, and to seize their estates, because they would not bear R. Island arms; but the people in general rose up against it, and would quakers: not suffer it to be carried into effect.4

against

settled.

Misquamicut was purchased of the Indians; and a number of Westerly baptists of the church in Newport removed to this new plantation, which was afterward called Westerly.5

tists.

A baptist church was gathered in Boston. The first prosecu- Anabap tion of anabaptists, that occurs in the records of Massachusetts, was in this year."

There were in Massachusetts six towns of Indians, professing Praying the Christian religion.7

1 Chalmers, b. 1. 520, 521. Yeamans was directed "to make every thing easy to the people of New England, from which the greatest emigrations are expected, as the southern colonies are already drained."

2 Chalmers, b. 1. 523. The next year, an account of the "New Plantation, begun by the English at Cape Feare," was published at London. Bibliotheca Americana, 98.

3 Univ. Hist. xl. 469. Brit. Emp. iii. 4.

4 Brinley's Account of Settlements about Narraganset-Bay, in Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. v. 219.

5 Callender, 39, 65. They afterward "generally embraced the seventh day sabbath." Their plantation was constituted a township by the name of Westerly, in 1669. Ibid. It formerly belonged to Stonington [Trumbull, i. 343.], but it is now in the State of Rhode Island

6 Hutchinson, i. 227. Antipodobaptism had appeared in the colony about A. D. 1640, and a law had been made against it, with the penalty of banishment. See A. D. 1644.

7 Hutchinson, i. 242.

Indians.

1665.

Canada.

granted to

W. I. company.

The hundred Associates, to whom the colony of Quebec had been committed, soon grew weary of the expense of maintaining their colony; and, from the year 1644, abandoned the fur trade to the inhabitants, reserving to themselves, for their right of lordship, an annual hoinage of 1000 beavers. Reduced, at length, to the number of 45 associates, they, in 1662, made a total resignation of their rights to the French king, who soon after N. France included New France in the grant, which he made of the French colony in America in favour of the West India company. A vigorous effort was now made to settle and defend the Canadian colony. M. de Courcelles, appointed governor of New France, Courcelles transported the regiment of Carignon Salieres to Cananda. A appointed great number of families, many mechanics, and hired servants, with horses, the first ever seen in Canada, cattle, and sheep, were transported at the same time. This was a more considerable colony than that which it came to supply. To prevent the irruptions of the Five Nations by the way of Lake Champlain, Courcelles built three forts between that lake and the mouth of the river Richelieu.2

governor.

Settlers arrive.

Forts built.

St. Augustine sacked

and plundered.

Death of

John Davis, a bucanier, with a fleet of 7 or 8 vessels, made a descent on the coast of Florida, and sacked and plundered the town of St. Augustine. The Spaniards, with a garrison of 200 men in the fort, which was an octagon fortified and defended by round towers, made no resistance.3

John Endicot, governor of Massachusetts, died in the 77th J. Endicot. year of his age.4

1 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 379, 380. Josselyn, Voy. 274; N. Eng. Rarities, 113. Josselyn says, the regiment consisted of "1000 foot." See A. D. 1627.

2 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 381. Smith, N. York, i. 44. Jeffreys, Hist. Canada. The first fort was placed on the spot where that of Richelieu had formerly stood; and has since been called, as also the river, by the name of Sorel, from a captain of the regiment of Carignon, who had the charge of building it. The second fort, built at the foot of a water fall on the river, was called Fort St. Lewis; but M. de Chambly having afterward bought the land on which it was situated, the whole canton, together with the stone fort, since built on the ruins of the old fort, bears the name of Chambly. The third, built three leagues higher than the second, was called St. Theresa.

3 Roberts, Florida, p. 88.

4 Morton, 1665. Bentley, Hist. Salem, in Mass. Hist. Soc. vi. 261; and Danforth Papers, ib. 2d series, viii. 52. Mr. Endicot was from Dorchester in England. In 1628 he came, at the head of a little colony, to Naumkeak. See A. D. 1628-9. He commanded the expedition against Block Island and the Pequots in 1636; and in 1645 was appointed major general. He was deputy governor 4 years, and governor 16 years-a longer period than any governor of the colony was in office under the old patent, and exceeded one year only, under the new charter, by Shirley alone. He was governor the year of his death. See Johnson's character of Endicot under A. D. 1628. See also Eliot and Allen, Biog. Dict. Davis, Note on Morton, and Savage, on Winthrop. Bentley says, "he was a sincere Puritan." He was rigid in his principles, and severe in the execution of the laws against sectaries. So great was his aversion to every thing savouring of popery, that, through the influence of Roger Williams, he cut the sign of the cross out of the

1666.

WAR was declared by France against Great Britain on the War be26th of January, and by Great Britain against France on the teen 9th of February.'

France and
G. Britain.

The king issued an order, requiring the general court of MasApril 10. sachusetts to send persons to be heard respecting complaints King's or against the colony, and the report of the commissioners, and to der to Viass. general receive his majesty's pleasure thereon. The court, however, court. declined compliance; and resumed the jurisdiction of the province of Maine, which the commissioners had put under the government of the king, until his pleasure should be known.2

At the May session of the general assembly of Connecticut, Connectithe colony was divided into the counties of Hartford, New Ha- cut. ven, New London, and Fairfield, and a county court was established in each county. It was to consist of three or more Counties

& county members, of whom one at least was to be an assistant, and the courts. others commissioners, afterwards called justices of the peace. To these courts, which superseded the particular court, were transferred the probate of wills, the granting of administration, and the prerogative powers generally, which appertained to the latter court.3

The assembly of Virginia passed an act for setting up looms Virginia. in each county.

4

king's colours. He insisted, at Salem, that women should wear veils at church;
and, while governor, he united with the deputy governor and assistants in sign-
ing a declaration against men's wearing long hair. See Hutchinson, i. 152.
In 1644 he removed from Salem to Boston, which he had for some time made
the place of his residence; and there he died. His will, dated at Boston 2 May
1659, mentions the house he lived in, which was on the lot now occupied by
Gardiner Greene, Esq. Snow, Hist. Boston, 1825. The farm, which he culti-
vated at Salem, remains in possession of an honourable descendant; and from
a pear tree, which the governor planted upon it, we were presented with some
fair and excellent fruit the last year. There is a good portrait of governor En-
dicot in one of the apartments of the State House in Boston, with the portraits
of governors Winthrop, Leverett, Bradstreet, and Rev. John Higginson.
"The
countenance of Winthrop is mild and thoughtful. Endicot appears eager and
animated. We cannot doubt there is a faithful preservation of the likeness in
both instances." Judge Davis, Note on Morton, 317.-The portrait of Win-
throp is evidently an ancient painting. It closely resembles a portrait in my
present keeping, for the American Antiquarian Society, which had been in the
Winthrop family till the death of the late William Winthrop, Esq. of Cambridge,
the canvass and colours of which, though in good preservation, present it to
the eye as the most ancient of the two. The executors, from whom it was
received, suppose both may have been taken during the governor's life time, in
England.

1 Memoires de l'Amerique, iii. 127. Avrigny's Mem. a l'Hist. Univ. de l'Europe, ii. 39, 40.

2 Minot, Mass. i. 47. The king, by his letter to the inhabitants of Maine, 11 June 1664, had ordered that province to be restored to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, as the proprietor.

3 Day, Hist. Judiciary of Connecticut.

4 Laws of Virginia. This act was repealed in 1684.

1666.

Petition of
Carolina.

Indian

Sandwich,

The first act which occurs, of any colonial assembly, for the naturalization of aliens, was passed this year in Maryland.1

The assembly of Carolina transmitted a petition to the proprietaries, praying, that the people of Albemarle might hold their possessions on the same terms, as those on which the Virginians held theirs. The proprietaries acceded to the request; and commanded the governor to grant the lands in future on the terms prescribed by themselves.2

The natives at Sandwich had made such proficiency in the churches at knowledge and observance of the gospel, that the governor of Plymouth colony and several principal men took measures toward forming them into a church state Mr. Eliot, accompanied by the governor, and several magistrates and ministers of Plymouth colony, procured a great assembly at Mashippaug, where a considerable number of Indians gave satisfactory evidence of their knowledge and Christian principles and character. Their confessions were sent to all the churches in the colony, for their approbation; and these churches afterwards, by their messengers, giving their presence and consent, an Indian church was organat Martha's ized. The church chose Mr. Richard Bourne to be their pastor; Vineyard, and he was ordained to that office. Indian churches were soon after formed at Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.3

and Nantucket.

French ex pedition against the Mohawks.

Sept. 14.

The Mohawks, by incursions on the French in Canada, not merely prevented their commerce with the western Indians, but often endangered their colony. It was to repel or subdue this ferocious enemy, that a regiment had been lately sent over from France. M. de Tracy, viceroy of America, and M. Courcelles, the Canadian governor, with 28 companies of foot, and all the militia of the colony, marched from Quebec above 700 miles into the Mohawk country, with the intention of destroying its inhabitants; but, on their approach, the Mohawks retired into the woods with their women and children; and the French did nothing more than burn several villages, and murder some sachems, who chose to die, rather than to desert their habitations.*

1 Chalmers, b. 1. 315. See A. D. 1662.

2 Chalmers, b. 1. 520.

3 Morton, 322. Mather, Magnal. b. 3. 199. Mashippaug, where the Indians assembled, is now called Mashpee. "From hence," says Mather, "Mr. Eliot and Mr. Cotton went over to an Island called Martha's Vineyard, where God had so succeeded the honest labours of some, and particularly of the Mayhews, as that a Church was gathered. This church, after fasting and prayer, chose one Hiacoomes to be their pastor, John Tockinosh, an able and a discreet Christian, to be their teacher; Joshua Mummeechee and John Nanaso to be ruling elders; and these were then ordained by Mr. Eliot and Mr. Cotton thereunto." This church, by mutual agreement afterwards became two; "and at Nantucket, another adjacent island, was another church of Indians quickly gathered, who chose an Indian, John Gibbs, to be their minister." See A. D. 1687.

4 Charlevoix, Nouv. France, i. 385, 386. Colden, 33. Smith, N. York, i. 43. Gookin (author of Hist. Collect. of the Indians), who conversed with some

dations in

The bucaniers of America, about this time, began their depre- 1666. dations. They consisted of various daring adventurers, who originally combined for the spoliation of the Spaniards in the Bucaniers West Indies. Lewis Scot sacked the city of Campeachy; and, begin depreafter exacting an excessive ransom, left it nearly in ruins. John W. Indies. Davis, with 80 men, surprised Nicaragua; plundered the wealth- Nicaragua. iest houses and churches; and carried off money and jewels, to the value of 50,000 pieces of eight. Not long after, he was chosen commodore; and with 7 or 8 vessels went to Florida, St. Auguswhere he landed his men, and pillaged St. Augustine.1

tine.

Henry Morgan, a Welshman, having gone from Wales to Morgan Barbadoes, and commenced pirate, was now made vice admiral joins the by Mansvelt, an old pirate at Jamaica. Sailing together, with pirates. 15 ships and 500 men, chiefly Walloons and French, on a spoliating enterprise, they took possession of the island of St. Takes St. Catharine, and left 100 men for its defence; but it was soon Catharine. after recovered by the Spaniards. Morgan afterward took the castle at Panama, and obliged the city to pay for its ransom Panama. 100,000 pieces of eight."

William Willoughby, having received from the king of England Grant of a grant of the island of Antigua, sent a numerous colony to Antigua. people it; but it was, this same year, attacked and ravaged by the French.3

1667.

proprietors

THE Bahama islands were granted to the lords proprietors of Bahamas Carolina. William Sayle, who the preceding year had been granted to sent out in a ship by the proprietors to bring them some account of Carolina. of the Carolina coast, was driven by a storm among those islands.

Frenchmen," that were soldiers in this exploit," says, that the march of the French was in the dead of winter, when the rivers and lakes were covered with a firm ice, upon which they travelled the most direct way; that they were obliged to dig into the snow on the edges of the rivers and lakes, to make their lodgings in the night; and to carry their provisions, arms, and snow shoes, at their back. Mass. Hist. Soc. i. 161. M. de Tracy, though upwards of 70 years old, chose to command the expedition in person. Charlevoix.

1 Hist. Bucaniers, i. 49, 50. Harris, Voy. 821. Scot was the first pirate, who attempted to land in the Spanish dominions. Davis was born at Jamaica. The castle of Augustine had a garrison of 200 men; yet Davis did not lose a single man.

2 Hist. Bucan. i. 79-81, 98. Harris, Voy. 824-826. St. Catharine lies near Costa Rica, in 12° 30′ N. lat.-Maracaybo, a rich town, the capital of the province of Venezuela in South America, was pillaged by the French bucaniers; who carried off the images, pictures, and bells of the great church, and for the ransom and liberty of the inhabitants exacted 20,000 pieces of eight, and 500 cows. Encyc. Methodique, Geog. Art. MARACAYBO. The pirates are there called Flibustiers.

3 Alcedo, T. Art. ANTIGUA. It was retaken fom the French in 1690 by Christopher Coddington. The English had established themselves in this island as early as 1636.