sufficiently repair his exhausted resources even by his old shameless means of a resort to France, Charles was driven into a third surrender. He adopted a policy of concession and conciliation at home; and he consented to make peace with Holland.

New York finally under English rule.

These were the events which had unexpectedly reacted on the fate of the Dutch province in America. New York was to remain in English hands from this time forth; and though virtually winners of a peace on their own continent, the Dutch were to give up for it their only stronghold on this. A new patent to the Duke of York was issued in June, 1674. He appointed as his governor Major Edmund Andros, an officer of distinction, whom the King had already in March appointed to receive the surrender of New Orange under the treaty; and on the first of November the British frigates Diamond and Castle made their appearance at the anchorage off Staten Island.

On the ninth of the month, Colve, who had asked a week's delay to make all final arrangements, absolved the city officials, in solemn conclave at the Stadt Huys, from their oaths of allegiance to Holland; and on Saturday, the tenth, " the New Netherland and dependances" were formally given over to "Governor Major Edmund Andros on behalf of His Britannic Majesty." The English names were restored, the English laws reëstablished, as they had been under Nicolls and Lovelace. A great number of the provincial and local officers were reinstated; the Mayor's Court was again convened at New York; the routine of public business and private life went on as before. The few months of Dutch occupation had hardly left a trace on the government which Nicolls had been the first, since the settlement of Manhattan Island, to bring into a really smooth, continuous course of prosperity.

CHARLESTON FOUNDED.

CHAPTER XV.

NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA.

WAR WITH THE INDIANS. - GOVERNOR MORETON. - JoSEPH BLAKE. LORD CARDROSS'S SETTLEMENT AT PORT ROYAL.—PIRACY AND SPANISH HOSTILITY. - CARDROSS'S COLONY DESTROYED - SOTHEL DEPOSED AND BANISHED FROM ALBEMARLE. HE LEADS A REVOLUTION IN THE SOUTH. — HIS CAREER. THE COLONIES UNDER ONE GOVERNOR. INTRODUCTION OF RICE. – JOHN ARCHDALE Governor. PROSPERITY OF THE COLONIES UNDER HIS RULE.

The South

ies.

WHILE northern Carolina had been passing through a time of such disturbance and adversity, the people at the south had enjoyed a period of quiet and comparative prosperity under ern Colonthe skilful rule of Joseph West. Not that the settlements at Cape Fear and Ashley River were free from the troubles which disturbed every American colony-differences of religion, and feuds between the Puritans of New England and the Royalists who had come out under the Proprietors' patronage; - but these were held in check by the Governor, and were little interruption to the general course of affairs. There was a steady flow of emigrants from England; and Huguenots from France sought a refuge from persecution at home in a region whose pleasant climate had for them a peculiar attraction. In April, 1679, the King gave a token of favor to the Proprietaries and the new colony in sending out at his own expense two vessels with a band of Frenchmen skilled in vine growing and silk-producing, who brought with them vine-slips and silkworms' eggs for the establishment of those industries.

During the years that had passed since their first settlement, the Ashley River people had not failed to see their mistake in settling so far up the stream. Some, indeed, seem not to have made this error at all; for the old records speak of people both from the Ashley settlement and from Cape Fear, "resorting to Oyster Point" from the earliest times of the colony; and, doubtless, dwellings had been built there at the same time that the town had been founded on the more inland bluff. This " Oyster Point" was at the junction of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers; and the tendency to resort thither had grown so strong by the beginning of 1680 that the authorities yielded to it,

66

Charleston

founded.

as they should have done long before. The old town was abandoned altogether in the spring of that year, and the foundations of a new Charles Town - the present city of Charleston — were laid on what had from the beginning been pointed out by nature as the proper site for the colonial port.

The new town was judiciously planned. A visitor, in the first year of its existence, described it as "regularly laid out into large and capacious streets, which to Buildings is a great Ornament and Beauty. In it they have reserved convenient places for Building of a Church, Town House, and other Publick Structures, an Artillery Ground for the Exercise of their Militia, and Wharves for the Convenience of their Trade and Shipping. At our being there was judged

from England, Ireland, Berbadoes, Jamaica, and the Caribees, which daily Transport themselves thither, have more than doubled that Number" [that is, between the visit, 1680, and the publication, 1682]. The extreme unhealthfulness of the place soon passed away, a "fortunate revolution" which "men of discernment . . . . attributed to the dispersion or purification of the noxious vapour by the smoke issuing from the numerous culinary fires." 2

Contemporary testimony does not give the most favorable account of the discipline and manners which prevailed in the promising new 1 A Compleat Discovery of the State of Carolina, by T. A., Gent., London, 1682.

2 Chalmers.

1680.]

WAR WITH THE INDIANS.

357

Character of

ton people.

town; and the looseness and turbulence which ruled there, though not of a kind to make political disturbance, brought upon the colony an evil which for a time threatened seriously the Charlesto check its progress. "The most desperate Fortunes first ventured over to break the Ice," explains one chronicler, in accounting for the character of his fellow-settlers, "which being generally the Ill-livers of the pretended Church-men, altho' the Proprietors commissionated one Colonel West their Governour, a moderate, just, pious, and valiant person; yet having a Council of the loose principled Men, they grew very unruly, that they had like to have Ruin'd the Colony by

Abusing the Indians, whom in prudence they ought to have obliged in the highest degree." It was the usual story of abuse in trade, the taking of the Indian women, and the oppressive punishment of trifling offences often brought about by rum or ignorance; and the Westoes, the tribe of the neighborhood, were a warlike people, and not slow to retaliate. After a series of

An Indian sent into Slavery.

petty raids, actual war broke out with them in 1680, the first year of the new seaport.

Fortunately for the colony, it was comparatively strong, well-armed, and, above all, well led by West; and the war was a vig- War with orous and short one, the savages gladly making peace within the Indians. a year after its beginning. But the conflict had worse results than the actual fighting. To obtain the money for carrying it on, West and his Council had adopted the plan of offering a price for every In1 A New Description of That Fertile and Pleasant Province of Carolina, etc. By John Archdale, late Governor. London, 1707. In Carroll's Historical Coll., vol. ii.

dian captive, and then selling all who were brought in to West Indian slave-traders, who again disposed of them profitably in the Islands.1 The war had thus changed, before its close, from one of defence to one of pure greed. The colonists gained money with every captive they sold to the authorities; the authorities, with every one they sold to the traders; and this flourishing traffic went on uninterrupted until it was brought to the notice of the Proprietors, who for once interfered promptly and successfully.

Sale of In

ers sup

pressed.

Expressing their strong disapprobation of "this barbarous practice," and sharply pointing out the necessity of concilidian prison ating the Indians by just treatment, they gave strict orders against the kidnapping of any savages, now that peace had been concluded, and appointed a commission of four members to try all causes of dispute, and to do full justice to any on either side who might wrong the other. But these measures were not enough. The Council openly supported the continuance of a traffic which had proved so profitable; and even West, contrary to his usual moderation and wisdom, opposed his superiors in this. The enemies he had made among the turbulent but influential church-party in the colony, took advantage of the attitude he thus assumed to turn the Proprietors against him; and in 1683 he was removed by their order, after nine years of successful administration, and Joseph Moreton was appointed Governor of Southern Carolina in his place.

Moreton

New diffi culties.

Moreton not only had the old dissensions to quiet, in attempting which he had little success, but he was almost immediGovernor. ately confronted by new troubles. West had held a "parliament" at Charlestown in 1682, which had made a few disciplinary laws, and organized a militia; and soon after his appointment Moreton called a similar one, to organize further the affairs of the province. The Proprietors had now made Charleston the capital of Southern Carolina, or at least had ordered elections and parliaments to be held there; and all the southern part of the province had, in 1682, been divided into three great counties, - Craven, including much of that formerly called Clarendon; Berkeley, the region immediately surrounding Charleston; and Colleton, the country to the south, extending to the region about Port Royal. It had been ordered that the lower house of the parliament for there was still an attempt to make that body somewhat resemble that prescribed in the "Grand Model" — should consist of twenty members; and it was with regard to the election of these that the colonists met the first of a long series of legislative difficulties.

It is evident that a large number of scattered settlers had by this

1 Chalmers. Oldmixon.

2 Chalmers.

3 Oldmixon.