1824. the founder of the colony, where an appropriate address was delivered by Mr. Duponceau.

Canal boats.

There passed, this year, 10,000 boats, at the junction of the Erie and Champlain canals. Boats with commodities proceeded at the rate of 55 miles, and boats with passengers, nearly 100 miles in 24 hours. On the 15th of December, a boat laden with merchandise arrived at Utica from Albany. Across the canal between these two places 300 bridges had been erected.1 There were at this time under the care of the general asseman church bly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States 18 synods, 77 presbyteries, 1979 congregations, 1027 ministers. The number of vacant congregations was 739, licentiates 173, candidates 195.

Presbyteri.

in U. States.

Literature and Arts.

Fire.

Sugar.

Cannon of first fort, Maryland.

Deaths.

The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia was incorporated. There were at this time in that city 55 printing offices, containing 112 presses, and supporting about 150 workmen.2-Berkshire Medical Institution at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, was incorporated. -The chapel of Yale College was built.3-The United States Literary Gazette was published at Boston.

The capitol of Kentucky at Frankfort was burnt, and many papers and books, belonging to the legislature, were consumed." The crop of sugar in Louisiana was estimated at-40,000 hogsheads.

Four cannon were taken from the spot in St. Mary's river on which the first fort in Maryland was built by Leonard Calvert, brother of lord Baltimore, at the original settlement of the colony.

William Rogers died at Philadelphia, in his 74th year;5

1 The tolls collected, this year, on the Erie Canal amounted to $294,546.62; on Champlain Canal, to $46,214.45; total, $340,761.7. The whole amount of canal tolls received from the commencement of the canal to this year, including $8738 received from Western Inland Navigation, was $494,733.38. New York Spectator 17 June, 1825, from Albany Daily Advertiser.

2 In the preceding year, the Schuylkill water was introduced by pipes into 3954 private dwellings, and 185 manufactories in Philadelphia; 401 private baths were also supplied with it.

3 Beside a place for worship, the chapel has a room for the accommodation of the theological professors and students. The old chapel is now the Athenæum, and contains the philosophical apparatus, a lecture room for the department of Natural Philosophy, rooms for the society Libraries, a Reading room, and several rooms for students. The Lyceum contains lecture rooms and rooms for students. The whole number of college buildings is nine.

4 The capitol was one of the first edifices of the western country. It was built in 1816, and cost about 30,000 dollars, chiefly raised by the contributions of the citizens of Frankfort and its vicinity. The public offices adjacent were saved. The fire was accidental.

5 The Rev. Dr. Rogers was born at Newport, Rhode Island, in 1751, and was graduated at Providence in 1769. In 1772 he was ordained pastor of the firsti Baptist church in Philadelphia, where he continued until the commencement of the revolution in 1775, when he was appointed chaplain of the Pennsylvania forces, and afterwards of a brigade of the continental army; and he remained

Charles Thomson, at his residence near Philadelphia, in the 95th 1824. year of his age.1

1825.

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS was inaugurated President of the United InauguraStates, and John C. Calhoun, Vice President.

tion.

The president, in his address on this occasion, said, in unfold- President's ing to his countrymen the principles by which he should be Speech. governed in the fulfilment of his official duties, his first resort should be to that constitution, which he should swear, to the best of his ability, to preserve, protect, and defend. "That revered instrument enumerates the powers, and prescribes the duties, of the executive magistrate; and, in its first words, declares the purposes to which these, and the whole action of the government, instituted by it, should be invariably and sacredly devoted-to form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to the people of this union, in their successive generations." Having recited what had been done by the government in the compass of 36 years since this great national covenant was instituted, the president took a retrospective view to the epoch of the confederation. "The year of jubilee since the first formation of our union has just elapsed; that of the declaration of our independence is at

in the service until 1781. In 1789 he was elected professor of English and Oratory in the College of Philadelphia, and afterwards was appointed to the same office in the University of Pennsylvania, which he held until 1812, when he resigned. "He held a highly respectable rank in talents and learning, and was greatly esteemed for his ability and faithfulness as a preacher, and his excellence as a man." Lempriere.

1 He was born in Ireland, but left that country when very young, in company with his father and three brothers, being himself the youngest son. He was about 11 years of age when he arrived in America. His father died on the passage; and the captain turned him and his brothers on shore at New Castle, with but very slender means of providing for themselves in a strange country.' Charles was educated under the tuition of the Rev. Dr. Allison, an eminent classical scholar, who at that time taught a school in Maryland, where he made such acquirements as enabled him, when a very young man, to keep the Friends Academy with good reputation. He afterwards married, and went into business in the city, where he became acquainted with Dr. Franklin, and, together with his advice which he solicited, he obtained his friendship, which lasted through the Doctor's life. At the meeting of the first congress in 1774, he was unexpectedly called upon with a request to take their minutes; and he performed that service with singular diligence, punctuality, and fidelity. He wrote and attested the minutes until the contest was closed, and may well be called "perpetual secretary" of the revolutionary Congress. The Indians, into one of whose tribes he was adopted many years before his death, gave him a name, signifying "The Man of Truth" and he completely verified the appellation. He was a true republican of the old school. "He was most strictly inoral and religious, attending more to the spirit than to the forms of religion, but his mind was fully imbued with the great truths of Christianity." American Quarterly Review, i. Art. AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.

1825. hand. The consummation of both was effected by this constitution. Since that period, a population of four millions has multiplied to twelve. A territory, bounded by the Mississippi, has been extended from sea to sea. New states have been admitted to the union, in numbers nearly equal to those of the first confederation. Treaties of peace, amity, and commerce, have been concluded with the principal dominions of the earth. The people of other nations, inhabitants of regions acquired, not by conquest, but by compact, have been united with us in the participation of our rights and duties, of our burdens and blessings." Notice was taken of the progress of agriculture and of settlements, of commerce and arts, of liberty and law. The great features of the administration of the preceding president were sketched. "Under the pledge of these promises, made by that eminent citizen, at the time of his first induction to this office, in his career of eight years, the internal taxes have been repealed; sixty millions of the public debt have been discharged; provision has been made for the comfort and relief of the aged and indigent, among the surviving warriors of the revolution; the regular armed force has been reduced, and the constitution revised and perfected; the accountibility for the expenditure of public moneys has been made more effective; the Floridas have been peaceably acquired, and our boundary has been extended to the Pacific ocean; the independence of the southern nations of this hemisphere has been recognised, and recommended, by example and by council, to the potentates of Europe; progress has been made in the defence of the country, by fortifications and the increase of the navy-towards the effectual suppression of the African traffic in slaves-in alluring the aboriginal hunters of our land to the cultivation of the soil and of the mind-in exploring the interior regions of the union, and in preparing, by scientific researches and surveys, for the further application of our national resources to the internal improvement of our country.—In this brief outline of the promise and performance of my predecessor, the line of duty, for his successor, is clearly delineated. To pursue to their consummation those purposes of improvement in our common condition, instituted or recommended by him, will embrace the whole sphere of my obligations."

Convention with Co

lombia.

A general convention of peace, amity, navigation, and commerce, between the United States of America and the republic of Colombia, was signed and sealed by the president, at Washington, on the 31st of May.1

1 This convention was concluded by plenipotentiaries" at the city of Bagota on the 10th of December, in the year of our Lord 1824, of the independence of the United States of America the 49th, and of the independence of the republic of Colombia the 14th."

visits Bos

La Fayette, having passed through the Southern and Western 1825. states, arrived in Boston on the 15th of June. The governor and council, and the members of the legislature, in convention, La Fayette with a large concourse of citizens, assembled at the State house, where he was introduced and welcomed in an appropriate address from governor Lincoln; to which the general replied with his usual promptitude and felicity of thought and expression.

ton.

battle of

On the 17th of June, the 50th anniversary of the battle of AnniversaBunker Hill was commemorated by a public and impressive ry of the celebration. A procession from the State house in Boston Bunker moved to the proposed site of a monument to be erected in Hill. Charlestown, where the corner stone of the monument was now Monument. laid. The assembled multitude next proceeded to a large area, Occupying nearly the whole northeastern side of the hill; and having taken the seats which had been placed there in the form of an amphitheatre, the Hon. Daniel Webster, a director of the Bunker Hill Monument Association, pronounced an address, adapted to the occasion.1

ette for

La Fayette having returned to Washington, the 7th of Sep- Departure tember, was the day appointed for his departure. The authorities of La Fayof Washington, Georgetown, and Alexandria, the principal offi- France. cers of the general government, civil, military, and naval, some members of congress, and respectable strangers, assembled on that day at the president's house, to take leave of the general. The president addressed him with dignity, but with evident emotion, and bade him adieu.2

1 The presence of La Fayette and of many other veterans of the revolution, heightened the enthusiasm, excited by the intrinsic character of the scene, "which left an impression upon the people of New England, never to be erased." At the close of the oration and other customary exercises, invited guests and others dined under an awning, at tables set on one side of the battle. hill for between four and five thousand persons, and completely full. The address, delivered on this occasion, " already bears an established character in the classical literature of our country." American Quarterly Review.

2 General La Fayette: It has been the good fortune of many of my distinguished fellow citizens, during the course of the year now elapsed, upon your arrival at their respective places of abode, to greet you with the welcome of the nation. The less pleasing task now devolves upon me, on bidding you, in the name of the nation, adieu." The president, having adverted to the disinterested patriotismn shown by the general in his early devotion to the cause of American freedom, and to his influence towards its successful issue, and taken a retrospect of the growth and prosperity of the United States since the war of the revolution," in that lapse of forty years," said he, "the generation of men with whom you cooperated in the conflict of arms, has nearly passed away. Of the general officers of the American army in that war, you alone survive." Having spoken of the resolution of congress, representing the whole people, and all the states of this Union, requesting the president of the United States to present him an invitation to come to America; of his arrival and reception; and of his traversing the twenty four states of this great confederacy during the year which had elapsed since he landed upon our shores; he proceeded: "You are now about to return to the country of your birth, of your ancestors, of your

1825.

the Creeks.

Mutual

A treaty was concluded with the Creek nation of Indians on the 12th of February. The commissioners on the part of the United Treaty with States represented to the Creeks, that it is the policy and wish of the general government, that the several Indian tribes, within the limits of any of the states of the Union, should remove to territory to be designated on the west side of the Mississippi river, as well for the better protection and security of said tribes, and their improvement in civilization, as for the purpose of enabling the United States, in this instance, to comply with a compact entered into with the state of Georgia on the 24th of April, 1802. The chiefs of the Creek towns assented to the reasonableness of the proposition, and expressed a willingness to emigrate beyond the Mississippi, those of Tokaubatchee excepted. The Creeks accordingly, by the first article of the treaty, ceded to the United cession of States all the lands lying within the boundaries of the state of Georgia, now occupied by them, or to which they have title or claim, lying within certain described boundaries; and by the second it was agreed, that the United States will give in exchange for the lands hereby acquired, the like quantity, acre for acre, westward of the Mississippi, on the Arkansas river. Other stipulations, favourable to the equitable claims of the emigrating parties, were made; particularly that a deputation from the said parties of the second part, may be sent to explore the territory herein offered them in exchange; and if the same be not acceptable to them, then they may select any other territory, west of the Mississippi, on Red, Canadian, Arkansas, or Missouri riversthe territory occupied by the Cherokees and Choctaws excepted; and if the territory to be selected shall be in the occupancy of other Indian tribes, then the United States will extinguish the title of such occupants for the benefit of said emigrants.1

lands.

Treaty with The Kansas Indians, by treaty, ceded to the United States all the Kansas. their lands, both within and without the limits of Missouri, excepting a reservation beyond that state, on the Kansas river,

posterity. The executive government of the Union, stimulated by the same feeling which had prompted the congress to the designation of a national ship for your accommodation in coming hither, has destined the first service of a frigate, recently launched at this metropolis, to the less welcome, but equally distinguished trust, of conveying you home. The name of the ship has added one more memorial to distant regions and to future ages, of a stream already memorable, at once in the story of your sufferings and of our independence. The ship is now prepared for your reception, and equipped for sea. From the moment of her departure, the prayers of millions will ascend to Heaven that her passage may be prosperous, and your return to the bosom of your family as propitious to your happiness, as your visit to this scene of your youthful glory has been to that of the American people."

1 Niles, xxviii. 63. This treaty was ratified by the President on the 7th of March.

* The Brandywine.