He at first made theology his study and profession; but he afterward studied medicine, went to Georgia, and established himself as a physician at Midway. He took an early and decisive part in defence of the colonial rights; was a member of the republican conventions of Georgia in 1774 and 1775; was chosen a delegate to the general congress in 1775 by the parish of St. John's, and in July of that year, by the whole province. He was an active and useful member of that body, and subscribed the Declaration of Independence. His verbal account of the influence of the speech of Mr. John Adams, on the great question, is well remembered: "It convinced the doubtful; emboldened the timid; confirmed the resolute; and animated the decisive." -Dr. Hall was afterward governor of Georgia. During several of the late years of his life, he resided at his plantation near Savannah; but toward the close of it, he removed into one of the upper counties of the state, where he died in 1790.

When president Washington visited Georgia in 1791, the Society of Midway chose a committee to present him an Address in their name. It was presented to him in Savannah; and was received with evident and grateful sensibility. The Society of Cincinnati, and the citizens of Savannah, and of Chatham county, gave him every appropriate token of respect and affection.

NOTE IX. p. 347.

In a letter to general La Fayette, dated " St. Petersbourg, Feb. 20-March 3, 1782," Mr. Dana writes: "I think at present we have no reason to imagine that the illustrious Sovereign of this Empire is disposed to be our enemy, yet it is not to be expected she will suddenly manifest a particular friendship for us. America must be patient. The best method for her to procure friends, is to beat her enemies." He asks the honour of his correspondence, on his [the general's] return to America, " at least upon our military operations, in which you will take so distinguished a part. Intelligence of this sort, is exceedingly wanted, and more especially in this part of Europe. You will need no other inducement . . . than the assurance that you will be rendering an essential service to that Country which you love, and which loves you." Hon. Francis Dana's Letter Book. In a letter to Mr. John Adams, dated "St. Petersbourg, April 12-23, 1782, he writes: I dare not expose the dignity of the United States by making any official advances. They may be rejected. I am not satisfied that they would not be. The cry of Mediation I know would open upon me." Ib.-To Dr. Franklin, from the same place, Sept. 2-12, 1782, he writes: "Things remain here, as to us, in their old state. This court seems not disposed to take any step which would be offen sive to the court of London. Nothing therefore is to be expected until that court shall have agreed to consider the United States as an Independent Power. Many will have it here, that you are far advanced in that matter, and that you will give us peace in the course of next winter."- -In a letter to count Ostermann, 24 February, 1783, he writes: "Convinced of the justice of their cause, and confiding entirely in that exact Neutrality which her Imperial Majesty had been pleased to declare, with a dignity becoming her character, she should make the invariable rule of her conduct, unless compelled to depart from it in maintenance of the rights of her Imperial crown, and of her subjects; the Congress, my Sovereign, have expressly commanded me to delay the communication of my mission till the course of events shall prepare the way for it without the least infraction upon the system adopted by her Imperial Majesty, by which she has acquired so much glory to herself. In the sentiment that that moment has now arrived, I request the honour of an audience of his Excellency the Vice Chancellor Count Ostermann, to the end that I might present to you a copy of my Letter of Credence for Her Imperial Majesty." Ib.

Mr. Dana had an interview with the Vice Chancellor on the 12th of April; and on the 27th presented him a Memorial, containing the substance of the Answer of the Vice Chancellor to Mr. Dana's letter of the 10th (communicating his Mission to his Excellency), which the Vice Chancellor delivered to him verbally on the 12th instant, and also the Reply which Mr. Dana then made to it, with some other observations upon it. This Memorial fills 10 folio pages.

The objections to the present reception of a minister from the United States were these: 1. That her Imperial Majesty had been invited by the courts of Versailles, Madrid, and London, to mediate in conjunction with the Emperor, at the conclusion of

the Definitive Treaty of Peace between them, and having accepted that Trust, till those arrangements are completed, and the Definitive Treaty concluded, she cannot, consistently with her character as Mediatrix, receive a Minister from America without the consent of those Powers. 2. That there must be new letters of credence, "bearing date since the King of Great Britain has acknowledged the Independence of America."" It would be incompatible with that exact neutrality which she has hitherto observed, to receive you while your Letter of Credence bears date before that time." 3. "That no minister has been received at the court of London from America yet; and that her Imperial Majesty could not consistently receive a minister from America before that Court had done it."

To all these objections Mr. Dana made replies, with arguments that appear unanswerable. But his health was much impaired; he had applied to Congress for leave to return to America, and had obtained it; and, although there was soon after a fair prospect of an audience with the empress, and reception in his public character, yet, foreseeing that he should soon take leave of her Imperial Majesty, he thought it best to decline that honour.-Mr. Dana left St. Petersburg on the 24th of August, Ö. S. 1783, and soon after sailed from Cronstadt for Boston.

NOTE X. p. 347.

Boundaries of the United States.

"THE following are and shall be their boundaries, viz. From the north-west angle of Nova Scotia, viz. that angle which is formed by a line drawn due north from the source of St. Croix river to the high lands, along the said high lands which divide those rivers that empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence, from those which fall into the Atlantic ocean, to the north-westernmost head of Connecticut river; thence drawn along the middle of that river to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude; from thence by a line due west on said latitude, until it strikes the river Iroquois or Cataraquy; thence along the middle of said river into Lake Ontario; through the middle of said lake, until it strikes the communication by water between that lake and Lake Erie; thence along the middle of the said communication into Lake Erie, through the midIdle of said lake, until it arrives at the water communication between that lake and Lake Huron; thence through the middle of said lake, to the water communication between that lake and Lake Superior; thence through Lake Superior northward to the isles Royal and Philipeaux, to the Long Lake; thence through the middle of said Long Lake, and the water communication between it and the Lake of the Woods, to the said Lake of the Woods; thence through the said lake to the most north-westernmost point thereof, and from thence on a due west course to the river Mississippi; thence by a line to be drawn along the middle of the said river Mississippi, until it shall intersect the northernmost part of the thirty-first degree of north latitude: south, by a line to be drawn due east from the determination of the line last mentioned, in the latitude of thirty-one degrees north of the equator, to the middle of the river Apalachicola or Catahouche; thence along the middle thereof, to its junction with the Flint river; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's river, to the Anlantic ocean: east, by a line to be drawn along the middle of the river St. Croix, from its mouth in the bay of Fundy to its source, and from its source directly north to the aforesaid high lands, which divide the rivers that fall into the Atlantic ocean from those which fall into the river St. Lawrence, comprehending all islands within twenty leagues of any part of the shores of the United States, and lying between lines to be drawn due east from the points where the aforesaid boundaries between Nova Scotia on the one part and East Florida on the other, shall respectively touch the bay of Fundy and the Atlantic ocean, excepting such islands as now are or heretofore have been within the limits of the said province of Nova Scotia."

NOTE XI. p. 351.

ARRIVING at New York two days after the evacuation of the city by the British, the writer witnessed the demonstrations of joy and gratitude, called forth by this august occasion. On the following sabbath divine service was performed at King's chapel

by the Rev. Dr. Rodgers, who delivered a well adapted discourse (on Psalm cxvi. 12.) to a thronged and deeply affected assembly. The fireworks, on the evening of the next Tuesday, probably exceeded any exhibition of that kind, ever witnessed in America. The last and not the least interesting spectacle was seen in passing down the harbour,—the British fleet, lying peaceably at anchor above Sandy Hook, ready to transport the troops to their own shores.

NOTE XII. p. 357.

THIS, it has been justly observed, is the first example, in modern times, of the founder of a colony, who has lived to see that colony recognised by the world as a sovereign, independent state. Verplanck. Accounts differ in regard to the age of general Oglethorpe, some of them stating it at 87, others, at upwards of 100. The age given in the text has been thought the most credible. See Lempriere, Univ. Biogra phy; Reese, Cyclopædia, Art. ÖGLETHORPE; Coll. of N. York Hist. Society, ii, 70; and M'Call's Hist. of Georgia. The London Gazettes, first announcing his death, stated his age at 104. This was probably not far from the truth; for, after holding a commission in the British service, he was an officer of rank in the German army under prince Eugene, at the celebrated siege and battle of Belgrade, in 1717. The late president Adams saw general Oglethorpe in 1785, a short time before his decease. Within a day or two after his arrival in London, as ambassador from the United States, had been announced in the newspapers, the general called upon him, and "was very polite and complimentary." He had come to pay his respects to the first American ambassador and his family, whom he was very glad to see in England; expressed a great esteem and regard for America, much regret at the misunderstanding between the two countries, and was very happy to have lived to see the termination of it." Mr. Adams returned this visit, and had another interview" of an hour or two" with the general, of which he gave me this account. "He said much about himself and his enterprise in Georgia, but mentioned no particulars of any consequence which I remember, except that he had entered very early into the army; had been early a general officer, and particularly that he had been a general officer under the duke of Marlborough. He convinced me that he must be very aged; but I did not yet realize his true age. I saw no more of general Oglethorpe. In about a month the Newspapers informed us of his death at his country seat, at the uncommon age of 104 years." Letter of the late president Adams, in answer to my inquiries respecting general Oglethorpe, dated Quincy, November 14, 1807."-Dr. Johnson, in 1775, urged general Oglethorpe to give the world his Life. "I know no man," said he, "whose Life would be more interesting. If I were furnished with materials, I should be very glad to write it.” Although the general seemed unwilling to enter upon it at that time, Boswell says, "upon a subsequent occasion, he communicated to me a number of particulars, which I have committed to writing; but I was not sufficiently diligent in obtaining more from him, not apprehending that his friends were so soon to lose him; for, notwithstanding his great age, he was very healthy and vigorous, and was at last carried off by a violent fever, which is often fatal at any period of life." Boswell's Life of Johnson.I have taken pains, through the medium of literary gentlemen in England and Scotland, to find this manuscript of Mr. Boswell, but without success.

NOTE XIII. p. 514.

THE native Cherokee gives the following account of his nation. "White men in the nation enjoy all the immunities and privileges of the Cherokee people, except that they are not eligible to public offices. The Christian religion is the religion of the nation. Some of the most influential characters are members of the church, and live consistently with their profession. The whole nation is penetrated with gratitude for the aid it has received from the United States government and from different religious societies. Schools are increasing every year; learning is encouraged and rewarded. The young class acquire the English, and those of mature age the Cherokee system of learning. The female character is elevated and duly respected. Indolence is discountenanced. Our native language, in its philosophy, genius, and symphony, is inferior to few, if any, in the world. Our relations with all nations, savage or civilized, are of the most friendly character. We are out of debt, and our public revenue is in a

flourishing condition. Beside the amount arising from imports, a perpetual annuity is due from the United States, in consideration of lands ceded in former periods. Our system of government, founded on republican principles, by which justice is equally distributed, secures the respect of the people. Newtown, pleasantly situated in the centre of the nation, and at the junction of Canasagi and Gusuwati, two beautiful streams, is the seat of government. The legislative power is vested in, what is denominated in native dialect, Tsalagi Tinilowigi, consisting of a national committee and council. Members of both branches are chosen by and from the people for a limited period. In Newtown a printing press is soon to be established; also a national library, and a museum. Immense concourse of people frequent the seat of government when Tsalagi Tinilowigi is in session, which takes place once a year."-This account was written by David Brown, a Cherokee, who received an excellent education among the white people. It is contained in a letter addressed to the Editor of the Family Visitor, Richmond, dated Willstown, Cherokee nation, September 2d, 1825." The letter, containing many other interesting particulars, is preserved entire in Niles' Register, xxix. 106. David Brown is well remembered at Boston and Cambridge, where, as well as in various other places in the United States, he delivered a public address in behalf of his nation, for whose benefit contributions were made at the close of it. The narrative part of his address, spoken in the first church in Cambridge, was very similar, in style, to that of the preceding account of his nation; other parts of it were bold and figurative, in the true character of aboriginal eloquence. The speaker, in his dress and manners, and in his entire performance, presented a striking exemplification of the influence of intellectual culture, of moral and religious instruction, and of social intercourse with a civilized and Christian people. His address was spoken with consummate propriety, and with great effect, to a large auditory. His articulation was distinct; his voice was musical; and so melodious was his utterance of a few Cherokee words, occasionally introduced, as to make credible what he says of the "symphony of his native language."

NOTE XIV. p. 518.

BEFORE the erection of West Boston bridge, the first bridge that connected Cambridge with Boston, in 1793, there were but 4 dwelling houses within the area now constituting Cambridgeport and Lechmere Point. Cambridgeport was laid out in house lots in 1804. In 1805 Cambridge was made a port of entry by act of congress. In 1806 a large brick church was erected in Cambridgeport, which was dedicated 1 January 1807; in the 3 preceding years, more than 120 houses and stores had been built. In 1808 it was made a distinct parish. In 1809 a congregational church was organized; and on the 19th of January 1814 the first minister, the Rev. Thomas Brattle Gannett, was ordained. Cambridgeport now contains 4 churches, a bank, and several manufactories.-Lechmere Point [1827] contains 3 churches.

NOTE XV. p. 519.

THE name of this descendant of Uncas was Ezekiel Mazeon. He was 27 years of age. The funeral was attended by the Rev. William Palmer, who made a short but appropriate address to the remnant of the tribe assembled on the occasion. After the funeral rites were performed, Mrs. Goddard, the wife of the Hon. Calvin Goddard, in whose immediate vicinity the burial yard lies, (he being absent) invited the tribe, consisting of a score or two, to partake of a collation. Norwich Courant.In the following year, 1827, a discovery was made of Indian relics at this burying place, too illustrative of Indian customs to be left unnoticed. A Note of Mrs. Huntington, of Norwich, accompanying one of these relics, presented to me this year [1828], illustrates the entire subject. "If we admit Indian cemeteries as proofs of local partialities, we should judge that Norwich was a favourite residence of the ancient Moheagan tribe; for their royal burying place is in the centre of the city. In the eastern border of their reserve is a fine stream called 'Trading cove brook,' which is the Shantup burying ground,' the largest of their nation. On the 16th of October 1827 Rev. Mr. Palmer of this city was invited to attend the funeral of an Indian child, which was to be deposited in that spot. In approaching the ground the relics of two Indians, and also two spoons were seen lying beside it. Expressing a wish to obtain them, Mr. P. received no im

mediate answer, until a youth of their company had whispered something in every ear from the eldest to the youngest. At the close of the exercises, with great formality, the young Indian replied, Your request is granted.' In answer to the inquiry why two skeletons were found in the ground, an old woman replied, it was an Indian and Squaw; and informed him farther, that according to their custom, the bodies were deposited in an upright position, within a circular grave, and a pot of succetash between them, the fragments of which were found. The decayed stump of a large tree covering the relics, indicated the antiquity of the grave.”—Mrs. Lee, late of Cambridge, now living near the Indian cemetary, has sent me one of the spoons, “which Mrs. Huntington, to whom the spoons were given, presented for that purpose."

The mode of burial among the Narraganset Indians appears to have been similar to that of the Moheagans. In 1824, some workmen, in excavating the ground in the south part of Portsmouth, Rhode Island, removed from his "narrow house of clay" one of the aborigines. "He was in a sitting posture, facing the west, in which manner the Narragansetts are said to have buried their dead. Near the remains of this son of the forest, was found his stone pipe, together with other utensils used by the aborigines, as implements of pleasure and comfort."

Dr. Dwight [1810] says: "Uncas died at an advanced age, in his own house; and left his power, and his property to his children. Onecho, his eldest son, commanded a party of Moheagans in a war, which the English carried on against the Narrhagansetts, in 1676. The family, however, soon declined in their importance by the general declension of their tribe, and the sale of their property to the English. A few years since, a man, descended from Uncas, came from North Carolina, or Tennessee, where he is settled; and obtained permission of the Connecticut Legislature to sell his patrimonial share in this tract. This man had received a miltary commission from the British government; and, it is said, was well dressed, well informed, sensible, and gentlemanly in his deportment. He is probably the only respectable descendant of Uncas, now living." Travels, ii. 46.

A friend lately brought me a copy of the "Inscriptions upon the tomb-stones of Samuel Uncas (the First Grand Sachem of Moheagan) and his descendants." The epitaph inscribed upon the stone of the first Grand Sachem, after ascribing to him comeliness, wit, sterling sense, a mild temper, eloquence, and courage, closes with saying,

"He was the glory of Moheagan,

Whose death has caused great lamentation
Both to ye English and ye Indian nation."

The other inscriptions were copied from the grave stones of "Sam. Uncas, son of John Uncas, who was the grandson of Uncas, Great Sachem of Moheagan," who died in 1741, in his 28th year; of " Pompi Uncas, son of Benjamin and Ann Uncas, and of the Royal Blood," who died in 1740, in his 21st year, and of two of their infant children; of a "Cousin to Uncas," who died in 1749, Ætat. 28; of "Elizabeth Joquib, the daughter of Mohomet, great grandchild to ye first Uncas, Sachem of Moheagan," who died in 1756, Ætat. 33; and "Elizabeth Begneck, great grandchild of Uncas," who died in 1761, aged 14 years. "Several of the more recent graves are designated by rude stones, but none of them are inscribed."

The Indian village of Moheagan is on the east side of the road leading from Norwich to New London, about 4 miles from Norwich Landing. In passing through Moheagan in 1803, I obtained an account of the number and names of the Moheagans, living between Norwich and New London. It was given me by James Haughton, Esq. one of the overseers of the tribe, who then lived within its limits. The number, by an exact enumeration in 1799, was 84, but at this time there were not more than 80 remaining. See Memoir of the Moheagans, in Coll. Mass. Hist. Society, ix. 75-99.-About the year 1786, a few Indians went from Moheagan, with Mr. Sampson Occum, the cele brated Indian preacher, who belonged to their tribe, to the country of the Oneidas. These, with emigrants from other tribes on the sea coast, who accepted an excellent tract of land given them by the Oneidas, constituted what were called the "Brotherton Indians," who, after their emigration, were at first under the pastoral care of the Rev. Mr. Occum. Among the families in the enumeration are "Eunice Occum and her mother." Both are still living. The aged mother-a sister of Sampson Occum when lately visited at her cottage in Moheagan by the friend who brought me the Inscriptions, expressed her grief and regret, that for some years they had had no