have so changed their character as to make the date of their organization as applied to existing schools misleading. A brief account is here given of the facilities afforded for art instruction in the principal cities of the Union.

an art-school. The Young Men's Christian Association maintains night-classes in drawing, and the Boston School of Sculpture gives instruction in modelling to a few pupils. There are also many clubs and societies of artists for self-help, and a society of decorative art which maintains a school.

New York-In New York instruction in pictorial art is given at the National Academy of Design and St. Louis.-The St. Louis School and Museum of by the Art Students' League, the latter a new organiz- the Fine Arts, forming the art department of Washation, founded in 1875 and incorporated in 1878, which ington University, was organized in 1879, and in 1883 has a large staff of teachers. Industrial drawing and had about 300 pupils. Instruction in drawing is also the arts of design are taught at the Cooper Institute, given to pupils in other departments of the university. which had over 2000 pupils in 1881-2; by the General There are several artists' societies and sketch clubs. Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of Baltimore. - Baltimore has an old institute (the New York, 300 pupils; by the New York Turnverein, Maryland Institute), established for the promotion of 750 pupils; and in the technical schools of the Metro-mechanic arts, which was thoroughly reorganized in politan Museum of Art with about 300 pupils. In 1879, and now maintains both day and night-classes in 1883 the last-named schools were reorganized with 100 drawing and painting, chiefly industrial. In 1883-84 pupils, but with ample accommodations for 1000. Draw-there were 177 pupils in the day-classes and 497 in the ing is also taught in the public schools of New York, night-classes. There is also a Decorative Art Society, and there are many societies of artists which maintain for the sale of works of art, which maintains classes in schools, as well as organizations, like the Society of drawing, design, and china-painting. Decorative Art established primarily for the sale of the works of members, but which give instruction to pupils in various branches of decorative art.

Philadelphia.-In Philadelphia instruction in the fine arts is provided at the Academy of the Fine Arts, which in recent years has occupied a new building and greatly enlarged its facilities for giving such instruction. The School of Design for Women, 293 pupils; the Spring Garden Institute, 653 pupils; the Franklin Institute, 200 pupils; and the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art, 79 pupils, give instruction chiefly in industrial drawing; and all except the first have night-classes. The Pennsylvania Museum was founded in 1876 and has a valuable museum of objects of art. The other institutions are much older, but have been greatly improved and developed recently. There are also decorative art clubs and artists' associations similar to those of New York. Drawing is taught in the public schools. In Girard College and the House of Refuge mechanical handiwork schools have recently been organized, in which drawing is a primary study.

Brooklyn, N. Y.-The Brooklyn Art Association for a time maintained drawing-schools, but discontinued them in 1881. In 1883 it took charge of schools which had been established by the Art Guild in 1880. The Ladies' Art Association of New York maintains a Brooklyn branch which had 124 pupils in 1883. The Brooklyn Institute has an evening school with 50 pupils, and Packer Collegiate Institute has classes in drawing.

Chicago.-Chicago has an Academy of Design which still maintains classes in pictorial and industrial art, though its building was destroyed in the fire of 1870. The Art Institute, formerly the Academy of Fine Arts. organized in 1879, has a school of 300 pupils, including night-classes. The Chicago Society of Decorative Art, organized in 1877, gives instruction in industrial art, including embroidery and wood-carving, and there are two artists' associations with classes for self-help. A manual training-school where industrial drawing is taught was established in 1883.

Cincinnati.-The Ohio Mechanics' Institute, established in 1856, maintains free schools, with 280 pupils, confining its instruction at present to drawing applied to the industrial arts, though the design is to supplement instruction in drawing with practical lessons in a school of technology. The University of Cincinnați had an art department with 411 pupils in 1883, but in January, 1884, it was transferred to the Cincinnati Art Museum Association, which is richly endowed.

San Francisco.-San Francisco has an art association, organized in 1871, which maintains classes in pietorial drawing, and also a Decorative Art Society, with 89 pupils.

New Orleans. The Southern Art Union and Woman's Industrial Association of New Orleans, organized in 1880, is similar in organization and aims to the Decorative Art Societies in other cities, having a salesroom for the sale of works of art, but it also maintains day and evening classes in drawing and the decorative arts.

Cleveland, Ohio.-The Cleveland Academy of Art, organized in 1881, opened day and evening classes in 1883. The Western Reserve School of Design for Women, organized in 1882, had 60 pupils in 1884.

Pittsburg, Pa.-Pittsburg has had a School of Design for Women since 1865, which gives instruction to women and also to boys under the age of fifteen.

Buffalo, N. Y-Buffalo has a Decorative Art Society, with schools for women and children.

Of the cities, having less than 150,000 inhabitants, the following are known to have schools of design and drawing: Charleston, S. C., the Carolina Art Association having organized a school in 1882; Columbia, Mo., where the Missouri University requires a study of art as a condition of graduation; Columbus, Ohio, an art-school founded in 1875, and having, in 1881-2, over 200 pupils; Denver, Col., a College of Fine Arts attached to the University of Denver, with 60 pupils; Elgin, Ill.; Fordham, N. Y.; Hartford, Conn., a School of Design, founded in 1872, which has loaned its casts, etc., to the Society of Decorative Art organized in 1877, which maintains classes in industrial Boston.-Boston has taken the lead among Ameri- art; Indianapolis, Ind.; Jacksonville, Ill.; Le Roy, can cities in the development of industrial drawing. N. Y., the Art College of Ingham University; LouisThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology requires the ville, Ky., the Polytechnic Society, with art classes in pupils in all departments to learn mechanical and free- drawing and painting; Manchester, N. H.; Meadhand drawing during the first year, and in most of the ville, Pa.; Milwaukee, Wis.; Newark, N. J., the departments this study is carried through the whole Essex Art Association, which organized classes in of the four years' course. There are special classes in 1884; Norwich, Conn., the art department of the architectural drawing and the mechanic arts, and a Norwich Free Academy; Peoria, Ill., classes attached free school in drawing and architecture, meeting at to the Ladies' Art Society; Portland, Me., the Portnight, is supported by the institute. The State Nor- land Art League; Providence, R. L.; Richmond, mal Art School of Massachusetts is a training-school Va.; Rochester, N. Y.; Springfield, Ill.; Springfield, for teachers of industrial drawing, and was founded in Mass.; Syracuse, N. Y.; Urbana, Ill.; Washington, 1870. In 1881 there were 222 pupils in the day-school D. C.; Wellesley, Mass., the department of art and 72 in the night-classes. The latter have since been attached to Wellesley College; and Worcester, Mass.; discontinued. The Museum of Fine Arts also maintains the Worcester County Free Institute of Indus

trial Science, in the latter place, teaching drawing to the pupils in its technical schools.

designate that system of thinking which, upon whatever grounds, denies the freedom of the human will; maintaining, variously, that such apparent freedom is only concealed necessity. Any statement or defence of this scheme of opinion is, of course, in its last ground, philosophic, yet it will be conducive to clearness of view to distinguish, first, Religious determinism, depending on dogmatic grounds, and second, Psychologic determinism, in its various modes of statement. The first will occupy us but briefly, and then we will notice the chief variations of the other.

Religious determinism, first fully formulated by Augustine in opposition to the Pelagian heresy, reproduced in subsequent writers and intensified by writers of the older school of Calvinism, holds that in consequence of the fall of man, and the inherited sinful propensity arising therefrom, the human will has become enslaved; that man is in a condition utterly helpless, and can only be roused therefrom by an act of grace, which is of itself entirely deterministic, and entirely unconditioned by anything that, except by couṛtesy, could be called human freedom. This view is fortified by texts from the Christian Scriptures. The dogmatic grounds for opposing it consist in the asseveration with equal earnestness that the Christian Church and the Christian Scriptures everywhere take for granted human responsibility and guilt, and offer the gospel of Christ to be freely accepted or rejected. Nay, it is asserted that the heathen, to whom the knowledge of the gospel offer has not come, are still responsible and will be judged by a law of their own.

Industrial drawing is also taught in the United States Military Academy, West Point, N. Y., in the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., and in the principal universities, colleges, and preparatory schools of the country, where it is no longer treated as a mere accomplishment but as a necessary part of general education. See Reports of the Bureau of Education, 1873–80; Circulars of Information, published by the Bureau; The United States Art Directory and Year Book (New York, 1882); Modern Art Education (Boston, 1875). DES MOINES, the capital of Iowa, and countyseat of Polk co., is on the Des Moines See Vol. VII. River, 175 miles W. of Davenport, 138 p. 112 Am. ed. (p. 133 miles E. of Omaha, and 357 miles W. Edin. ed.). of Chicago. It is also on the following railroads: the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific, the St. Louis, Keokuk, and North-west, the Des Moines and Fort Dodge, and branches of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy, and the Chicago and North-west. The entire city comprises an area of eight square miles, nearly equally divided by the Des Moines River, flowing from N. to S.; the "West Side" being again divided by the Raccoon River, which here joins the former. The sections of the city are united by six bridges. The northern section of the West Side is the main business part of the city, though there are many business houses also on the East Side, the ground in each section rising with easy slope from the river, the business portion being on an average 15 feet above the river. In the West Side are the county court-house, the principal hotels, railroad depots, and banks, as well as the post-office, a handsome marble structure, erected in 1870, which furnishes accommodations also for the United States courts and other offices of the Federal Government. Farther back from the river are many fine private residences, and in the extreme north-western part of the city is a park of 40 acres. There is also a large park on the Raccoon River, owned by a private association, in which agricultural fairs are held. On the East Side is the State Capitol, erected on an elevated site, and surrounded by a park of 10 acres. The State Arsenal is a large building, which contains equipments for the militia and many memorials of the civil war. The State library contains 30,000 volumes, and there is another public library with about 6000 volumes. In the West Side there are 5 public school-houses, 1 of which is a high-school, 2 are grammar-schools, and 2 are primary-schools. These furnish instruction to about 3000 pupils, and 600 more are taught in private schools. The University of Des Moines, a Baptist in stitution, chartered in 1865, has a commodious brick building, 80 by 250 feet, in a conspicuous position. Des Moines has 15 churches, belonging to the Meth- Determinism everywhere opposes itself, and victoriodist, Presbyterian, Congregational, Lutheran, Bap-ously, to its favorite adversary, pure indifferentism. tist, Christian, Roman Catholic, Episcopalian, and This latter scheme represents the human will as always Universalist denominations. There are published here in æquilibrio, that it looks at, sifts, and accepts or re2 daily, 10 weekly, and 3 monthly periodicals. There jects all motives, is indifferent to them all, can at any are 2 national banks and 4 other banks, a life-insurance time make a new beginning. Such seems to have been and 2 fire-insurance companies. The industries of the the thesis of Pelagius. Something like it seems to city comprise iron-foundries, machine-shops, scale- have been defended by Duns Scotus. It is defended works, agricultural-implement-works, woollen-mills, by the Anglican Bishop King (De origine Mali), and an oil-mill, and a paper-mill. For these industries the expressions implying it are not infrequently to be found rivers furnish abundant water-power. The city is in writers of lesser note. According to the psychology lighted with gas, and furnished with water by the Holly implied in this scheme the human will seems to be system from the Raccoon River. In the vicinity are thought as something apart from, superadded to, or found bituminous coal, potters' clay, fire-clay, lime, etc. enclosed within human nature, is regarded as an abThe site was laid out in 1846, and a town was incorpor-stract entity, or as pure Ego; and therefore is indif ated in 1851 under the name Fort Des Moines. In 1855 the State legislature resolved to remove the capital to this location, and in 1857 the transfer was effected and the city obtained a new charter under its present name. It has grown steadily in numbers and importance. Population in 1860, 3965; in 1870, 12,035; and in 1880, 22,048.

DETERMINISM, a word now generally used to

Whenever this question is argued by religionists, except as a question of exegesis (into which we do not propose at all to enter), it is always and inevitably also argued as a question of psychology, and ultimately of philosophy. Indeed, the doctrine of grace is strictly philosophic, and consists in holding that the various influences brought to bear upon human nature that can be followed by the intellect (Providential), and the subtler influences working beneath consciousness (mystical) are ruled by the category of final cause, itself a part of a universal design in which the individual intelligence is a constituent element. The denial of grace resolves itself into pure indifferentism (one of the shallowest tentatives of human thinking), which will be noticed below. Such doctrine of grace may be made to consist either with the admission or denial of human freedom, though perhaps only in the former case does it deserve the name.

Let us then, as a question of psychology and philosophy, note the possible modes in which human freedom may be denied, and what are the positive schemes which make such a denial imperative. There are really only two such philosophies-(1) Materialistic and (2) Idealistic Necessitarianism.

ferent, or may be indifferent, or at least was once indifferent. But determinists may and do always urge in opposition to this, that we know nothing of any such will, that we have no evidence of the existence of any such will, that we only know the Ego as concrete, and therefore as determined; that, indeed, the will is the nature itself, the entire nature, with all its past be hind it, and becomes will when focussed, and quoad

any possible activity (not denying, however, that as movement it is prius, and that pure activity is the first element of any concrete). It points, likewise, to the fact that we do not and cannot dissociate will from character; that there is no mere arbitrariness in human choices, that the "titillation of arbitrariness" is itself a motive for choice, that the motives or ends which the will constructs out of the material supplied by its environment, by the essential conditions of its existence, are always ruled by the prevailing traits of the character.

The sort of determinism we have just above alluded to has been upheld by Buckle, J. S. Mill, by Schopenhauer, and other modern writers. It relies upon the testimony the experience of life furnishes as to the reliableness of human character, tells us that as a man is at bottom so will he act; that however artificial disguises may make him seem other than he is, the real self will be sure to break through on a sufficient emergency; and that this character is the creation of influences determining it ab initio and ab extra, that if there are innate determinations, and derived through the principle of heredity, they are still ab extra, and part of the dialectic movement of the universe, whether that be thought as materialistic or idealistic.

not after all only a more recondite form of determinism still. Allowing that the highest possible idea of selfbeing is one in which there is a relation to the whole universe beside, that there is nothing indifferent to it, and which cannot amplify and enrich it-this same self may be thought as one determination of the universal; thus is in itself determinate essential beingessence-and its self-determination is just the necessary activity and consequence of this determined essence of being; that conscious self-determination, i.e., will, is not necessarily therefore free, and that selfconsciousness may be only a link in the chain of necessity.

We may say here that the old attempt to represent the human will as an indifferent force-centre, in the concrete ruled inevitably by forces ab extra coming in It is urged, in opposition to this, that it leaves unthe shape of motives-the stale maxim of which is, or explained indubitable facts of human nature which canwas, that the will is governed by the strongest motive-not possibly be brought under any category of necesseems to have been pretty much abandoned by able sity; e. g., the sense of responsibility, the judgment writers of late days in the interests of determinism; it and feeling of obligation, self-accusation, and guilt. being clearly seen at length, that motives are not ab And, while we cannot here enter into the argument, extra, but creations of the will's own, that motives are we may say that no plausible scheme of necessity, only the self-mediation, and not the producing cause purporting or professing to explain these facts, has of free volition. Thus they have as a consequence of proved itself satisfying and compelled adherents. such abandonment found a deeper basis for their Mere mechanical (materialistic) determinism, for some scheme. time of late indulged in as a speculation, is giving way before the deeper study of the organism, and of the notion of development, for organism shows us the idea, the scheme, which the life-force is actualizing; and all development is synthetic, rather than analytic, making even more of itself by assimilating the food of the universe, yet preserving unimpaired its own unity. Many writers among whom may be named Kant, Schelling, Schopenhauer, and Julius Müller, while acknowledging that in the temporal sphere human actions and volitions are, on one side, ruled by the physical nexus, and therefore necessary, and on the other by the prevailing bent of the character (for which no origin in time can be posited), therefore also necessary-think to conserve the principle of freedom by speaking of it as a transcendent act. Schopenhauer teaches that by an act which lies before all time, and Julius Müller that by an extra-temporal act (in forma æternitatis) every individual has made himself once for all what he is, and that his life, in time, with the whole range of his proceedings, is merely the detailed performance of his pre-existent, or extra-existent, act. And thus we have a strict temporal determinism originating in an eternal act of freedom. Thus the consciousness of freedom is retained throughout the temporal experience; yet all volitions and actions are still thus and thereby inevitably determined. The sense of guilt is the haunting memory of that prior decision, and finds therein its only possible explanation.

A critique of such determinism, while acknowledging that man does never act from a groundless freedom of choice, yet maintains that human volitions cannot be explained as the product of such forces ab extra; that beside the determinations derived from heredity or environment, whether belonging to the unconscious or the conscious processes, there are unsounded depths in human nature itself, modifying, and bringing forth new and unexpected results; that the human will, i.e., human nature, is not measured by its conscious experience, that there is within it an incalculable possibility of self-movement, therefore that man is subtly related beyond all traceable relations, that his normal dimension is commensurate with the universe, that he reflects within himself the whole of it, and thus that he himself is a true universal, and so far an image of the first principle.

We have not the space here to adduce the facts resulting from an analysis of human experience, confirmatory of this view, and will content ourselves by merely stating an argument from analogy.

As science goes more and more to show the unity of the physical universe, and that every concrete thing is a system of relations, from which there is no evidence whatever that anything is excluded, so we may on grounds as valid infer, that man as an intelligent reflecting the laws of the universe, preadapted to them as they to him, must have the same universality, and that his ideal bound is the infinite.

Thus it comes to be held not only that human volitions require this universal ground for that basis, but that character itself is not only a principle of determinations of will, but also a result of determinations of will; that, in the words of Julius Müller, its selfdeterminings condense themselves to determinations of self."

The question might now arise whether this view, which seems to steer between and along a depth profounder than the shallow currents of pure indifferentism, and superficial determinism, on either side, is

The intellectual difficulties of this scheme are immense. It may be questioned, first, whether this socalled extra-temporal state can be concretely thought except as a pre-existent state, and whether we have got beyond the category of time. Be that as it may, we have thrown upon us the task of accounting for this transcendent act of freedom. It must either be thought after the manner of pure indifferentism; or else, this extra-temporal existence, if not absolutely barren, and a nothing in the semblance of a something, must be thought as a state so rudimental that responsibility, and the tremendous consequences hanging upon choice, seem hardly to flow from so inadequate a source. As the choice, so far as is known, seems to have been in every case a wrong choice, this is only another form of presenting the question of the mystery of evil; of locating it for examination in a realm of shadows and unimaginable possibilities, instead of bringing it into the twilight of our actual knowledge. We note it, however, without discussion, as a phase of thought that has not yet vindicated for itself a philosophic basis. We may add, too, that possibly the sense of guilt is of a posteriori origin and entirely explicable within the temporal sphere.

DETROIT, the chief city of Michigan, is the streets. The annual expenditures (1884) are $20,137, county-seat of Wayne co., and, until 1847, $6000 of which were derived from fines in the central See Vol. VII. was the capital of the State. It is situated station court. Between $15,000 and $20,000 are anp. 115 Am. in 42° 20' N. lat., 82° 58′ W. long., on the nually expended for the support of the poor. Belle ed. (p. 133 Edin. ed.). North-west bank of the Strait (Fr. Détroit) Isle Park, an island of 650 acres and situated in the or River, connecting Lake St. Clair 7 miles middle of the river 2 miles above the centre of the distant N. with Lake Erie 20 miles distant S. At this city, was bought in 1880 at a cost of $200,000 for purpoint the river has a width of mile, an average poses of a public park. It is more than a mile long depth of 30 feet, and a current of 24 miles per hour. and nearly half a mile wide, covered with a thick Nearly 40,000 vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of growth of native forest timber. Under the direction 19,000,000, pass here every year. Including the sub- of Frederick Law Olmsted, architect of New York urbs of Hamtramck and Spring Wells, from which Central and Brooklyn Prospect parks, this has been the city is only municipally separated, Detroit stretches transformed into a natural park, with water-ways for along the river for 62 miles, extending back 2 miles. drainage and boating, and characterized by forest Except for a gentle rise at the bank of the river the scenery, open parade-grounds, bathing facilities, drives, site is a level plain, broken on its extreme east and avenues, meadows, and woodland paths. The house west limits by ravines and ancient water-courses, one of correction with 600 inmates—a few of them United of which, known as Bloody Run, was the scene of a States prisoners for life-is devoted, for the benefit of massacre of British soldiers in an attack upon the the city, to the manufacture of chairs. It has turned famous Indian chieftain Pontiac, in 1763. Woodward over to the city treasury as high as $50,000 annual Avenue, running northerly from the river, divides the profits. All these departments are governed by boards city almost equally. For the most part the streets in- or commissions, whose members are, with two or three tersect each other at right angles, but from the Cam- exceptions, appointed by the mayor and confirmed by pus Martius-an open space of 3 acres, mile from the common council. The police commissioners are the river and two quadrant parks, known as the Grand appointed by the governor of Michigan, the board of Circusmile beyond, both of which are cut by Wood- education is elected by the people on a general ticket, ward Avenue, several diagonal avenues radiate some the commissioners of the public library are appointed of them to the city limits and beyond. These diagonal by the board of education. In addition to the departavenues, together with parallel circular streets conform- ments mentioned there is a board of public works, ing to the semi-circumference of the Grand Circus which, in 1884, had 100 miles of sewers and 97 miles Park, create throughout the city at all intersections of paved streets in charge, building inspectors, and a with the rectangular plan a somewhat perplexing in-board of public health. The number of deaths in 1883 tricacy of highways, many triangular parks, plots, and was 2884. The judiciary of the city consists of a police buildings. The principal avenues are from 100 to 200 court, recorder's court, superior court, and circuit feet wide, bordered by one and even two rows of elm court of three judges. The United States District or maple trees, and by broad plats of grass extending Court for the eastern district of Michigan is also held from the houses to the roadway. Nearly all of the in Detroit. residence streets are lined with trees, and in many quarters this natural beauty is enhanced by the absence of fences. The population of the city in 1880 was 116,342; including the manufacturing suburbs of Spring Wells and Hamtramck, 128,742, which in 1884 was estimated at 150,000. The population in 1810 was 770; in 1850, 21,019; 1860, 45,619; 1870, 79,599. In 1880 there were 17,292 of German birth, 10,754 Canadian, 6775 Irish. There were 20,493 dwellings, and 5.68 persons to a dwelling-the lowest number in any city of the United States having more than 100,000 inhabitants. The government of the city consists of a mayor elected every 2 years; a city council of 12 members, elected on a general ticket for terms of 4 years; and a common council of 26 members, 2 from each ward. Connected with the police department are 8 stations-the central situated in East Park-and 175 The annual expenses are $180,000. In the fire department there are 11 steam-fire engines, and 2 reserve, 3 chemical engines, 3 hook and ladder, 1 protection wagon, 1 fire escape, 129 alarm-boxes, 130 miles of wire, 893 street hydrants, 190 reservoirs, 65 horses, and 170 men. The annual expense is $142,538 (1884). Water is supplied to the city from Lake St. Clair by 3 pumping-engines and 242 miles of pipe, whose daily capacity is 72,000,000 gallons. In 1884 the daily consumption was 20,000,000 gallons, or 150 gallons to each inhabitant. The works are valued at $3,315,989. The schools have 12 grades with 14,385 sittings; a total enrollment of 300 teachers, and 18,971

men.

years.

pupils in attendance. The school census shows a popuof 43,728 between the ages of five and twenty There is an average attendance of 400 at the night schools in winter; and connected with the department is a special school for vagrant, truant, and disorderly pupils. The annual expenditures (1884) are $256,013. The public library, consisting of 50,605 volumes, had, in 1884, an annual circulation of 102,610 volumes, and 31,428 volumes were consulted in the library building, erected for the purpose on the park bounded by Gratiot Avenue, Farmer and Farrar

The city is lighted by 20 electric lights and 3600 gas and naphtha lamps. In 1883, 7,046,192 letters, 1,142,408 drop letters, and 2,332,973 postal cards were delivered in the mails. There are 90 churches, 17 of which are Catholic, 2 Jewish, the rest Protestant. The Fort Street Presbyterian Church, the Central Methodist, and the Church of our Father (Universalist), both facing the Grand Circus Park, St. Joseph's (R. C.), on Orleans Street, St. Paul's (P. E.), on Congress Street, St. John's (P. E.), on Woodward Avenue, are distinguished for architectural attractions. The principal public building is the City Hall, on the west side of the Campus Martius. It is built of gray sandstonethree stories and a basement-in the Italian renaissance style with mansard roof surmounted by a cupola, the summit of which is 180 feet from the ground. It was finished in 1871 at a cost of $700,000. Four colossal statues of Cadillac, Lasalle, Hennepin, and Richardthe pioneers of the Lake region-adorn the roof. In front is a large grass-plat furnished with trees and fountains, and two British cannon captured in 1812 at the naval battle won by Commodore Perry on Lake Erie. On the east side of the Campus Martius is the market building, erected in 1881 at a cost of $75,000. The upper stories are occupied for city courts and offices. Between these two buildings is the soldiers' monument, designed and executed at Munich by Randolph Rogers, and erected at a cost of $70,000 by the people of Michigan to the memory of the soldiers who fell in the civil war of 1861-65. It consists of a granite base and shaft surmounted by a colossal female warrior in bronze with shield and sword, and surrounded by symbolical bronze human figures representing the navy and the cavalry, infantry, and artillery service. On the sides are medallions in relief of Grant, Sherman, Lincoln, and Farragut. The United States Government building on Griswold Street is (1884) in process of demolition preparatory to the erection of a new one. Another fine building is the station of the Michigan Central Railroad, on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Third Street. It is 280 ft. long by 182 ft.