the disbursement of the annual amount neces- Telegraphs. The total length of telegraph lines in 1880 was 473 miles. The Ponce Exhibition.-On Dec. 1, 1883, an agricultural and industrial exhibition was opened at Ponce, a most valuable display being made, especially of everything relating to the culture and manufacture of tobacco. American producers and manufacturers were largely represented at the show. A Central Sugar-House.-On May 4, 1883, a meeting was held of shareholders in a new central sugar-house, to be founded in the fertile Vega de Yabucoa. The system to which preference has been given for the extraction of sugar is that of Fowler. The estimate of cost is $325,407; estimate of gross proceeds, $478,530. From the latter amount the cost of cane will have to be deducted and credited to the agricultural departinent of the company, $204,750, and the cost of working the cane in the mill and reducing it to sugar, $69,570, together $274,320. This would leave net proceeds of one crop's operations of the sugar-house to the amount of $204,210. Deducting finally from these proceeds the interest on capital and salaries to manager, engineer, clerks, etc., $58,805, there would remain $145,405, equal to about 65 per cent. on the capital of $225,000 set aside for the starting of the mill. these islands are as follow, the quantity to which the duty applies being in each case 112 pounds, excepting flour, where the quantity is 220 pounds, and rough white-pine lumber, where the quantity is 1,000 superficial feet: Apples, old duty, $1.46, new, $1.18; bacon, old, $3.82, new, $2.82; beans, old, $1.12, new, 82 cents; butter, old, $6.65, new, $5.19; codfish, old, $1.09, new, 81 cents; calico, old, $21.21, new, $15.92; cotton duck, old, $12.31, new, $9.10; flour, old, $5.51, new, $4.69; lard, old, $4.44, new, $3.32; petroleum, old, $2.91, new, $2.18; potatoes, old, 64 cents, new, 45; hams, old, $3.82; new, $2.82; rice, old, $1.91, new, $1.45; straw paper, old, $1.12, new, 80 cents; rough white-pine lumber, old, $6.65, new, $5.19. The duties thus designated as new are those which for upward of 20 years have been imposed upon these goods imported into Cuba or Porto Rico in Spanish bottoms. Port Regulations. A short time before the home Government adopted a liberal policy, the local authority in Porto Rico acted in a spirit precisely the reverse, and on Nov. 11, 1883, a decree went into effect that vessels arriving shall pay $1.25 per 1,000 kilos, gross weight, on all cargo landed (instead of $1 as formerly), and $1 per 1,000 kilos on all cargo loaded outward, whether vessel arrives with cargo or in ballast, which is a new tax, and is equal to about 7 cents per 100 pounds on a cargo of sugar. For a number of years past the charges in Porto Rico have been moderate, but this makes them more than they are in Cuba. Commerce. The peninsular and foreign trade movement in Porto Rico in the years 1881 and 1882 is given as follows: 1882.. Commercial Treaty.-Under date of Jan. 4, 1881... 1884, it was telegraphed from Madrid that a commercial arrangement would soon be con cluded between Spain and the United States, shown in the following table: The American trade with Porto Rico is by which Spain would agree to apply the socalled "thirty-column" tariff to imports from America into Cuba and Porto Rico, which would be tantamount to the suppression of the flag and differential duties. Spain would also agree to abrogate the special duties on live fish into Cuba in foreign bottoms, and to suppress the consular and tonnage dues on vessels leaving the United States for Cuba or Porto Rico. The United States would abolish the 10 per cent. ad valorem duties on imports from Cuba and Porto Rico under the Spanish flag. The closing stipulation of the agreement contains a passage much more important than the immediate reductions. It is thus summarized by the State Department: "Both governments bind themselves to begin at once negotiations for the conclusion of a complete treaty of commerce and navigation between the United States and Cuba and Porto Rico." Under the provisions of the arrangement we have referred to, the changes in the duties levied upon American products imported into 1850. 1881 1882 1858. FISCAL YEAR. Import from $5.449.886 3.560.199 5,716,574 5,477,493 Domestic export from the United States to Porto Rico. $1,969,284 1,712,782 1,838,214 2,116,499 The chief articles imported into the United States in 1883 were: sugar, 83,940,670 pounds; and molasses, 5,448,321 gallons. In 1882 there entered Porto Rican ports 1,586 vessels; aggregate tonnage, 1,114,340; sailed, 1,502 vessels; aggregate tonnage, 992,687. PORTUGAL, a monarchy in southern Europe. The fundamental law is the charter granted in 1826 by Dom Pedro IV, and revised in 1852 by the Cortes. The representative assembly consists of two chambers, that of the Peers, who are nominated for life by the King and number 150, and the Chamber of Deputies, which has consisted since 1878 of 149 mem bers. The latter are elected directly by all citizens possessing a net income of $110. The Cortes assembles at stated periods without the intervention of the sovereign, who has no veto on a law passed again after he has sent it back unsigned. New elections are held every four years. All laws relating to the army and to general taxation must originate in the Chamber of Deputies. The reigning King is Luis I, born Oct. 31, 1838, the son of Queen Maria II and of Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg, He succeeded his brother, Pedro V, Nov. 11, 1861. The Cabinet resigned in October, and was reconstituted on the 23d of that month as follows: Senhor Fontes Pereira de Mello, Premier and Minister of War; Senhor Barjova Freitas, Minister of the Interior, vice Senhor Ribeiro da Fonseca; Senhor Barboza Bucage, Minister of Foreign Affairs, vice Senhor Serpa Pimentel; Senhor Lopo-Vaz, Minister of Justice, vice Dr. Marques de Villena; Senhor Hintz Ribeiro, Minister of Finance, vice Senhor de Fontes Pereira de Mello; Senhor Penhiro Chagas, Minister of Marine, vice Senhor de Mello Gouvea; Senhor Aguiar, Minister of Public Works, vice Senhor Hintz Ribeiro. habitants. The principal possessions of Portugal in extent are in equatorial and southern Africa. The area of the dominions on the east coast of Angola, Ambriz, Benguela, and Mossamedes is given as 312,509 square miles, and the subject population as about 2,000,000; the area of Mozambique and dependency, on the other side of the continent, as 382,683 square miles, and the population as 350,000. The dependence of Mozambique on the mother-country is very incomplete. The natives treat their white rulers with slight respect. When one of the frequent uprisings takes place, the Portuguese retire within the fortifications and wait until the disturbance subsides. The expenditures for the government and development of the colony are not covered by the receipts, although a duty of from 10 to 30 per cent., which it is intended to increase to from 30 to 50 per cent., is collected on imports, and an average duty of 2 per cent. on exports, besides taxes on sales, an income-tax of 10 per cent., municipal taxes, etc. The complex and oppressive burdens are a hindrance to commerce. The chief exports are millet, gumelastic, ivory in small quantities, wax, and tortoise-shell. All these come from the continent. The island of Mozambique produces nothing but bread-fruit trees and a few palms. The imports consist of cotton goods, pearls, brass utensils, powder, fire-arms, etc. Commerce. The total imports in 1882 were of the value of 24,875,000 milreis, against 23,601,000 in 1881, and 34,948,000 in 1880; total exports, 17,488,000 milreis in 1882, 13,588,000 in 1881, and 24,716,000 in 1880. The commercial intercourse with the principal foreign countries was as follows: Brazil COUNTRIES. France Spain.... Germany.. Area and Population.-The area of continental Portugal, which is divided into six provinces, is 36,510 square miles. The population at the census of Jan. 1, 1878, was 4,160,315. The Azores are 966 square miles in area, and have a population of 259,800; Madeira and Porto Santo, with an area of 317 square miles, contain 130,584 inhabitants. The total population of the kingdom was 4,550,699, of which number 2,175,829 were of the male and 2,374,870 of the female sex. The only cities containing more than 100,000 inhabitants were Lisbon, with 246,343, including the suburbs of Belem (30,029 inhabitants) and Olivaes (28,910 inhabitants); and Oporto, with a population of 105,- Great Britain. 838. The number of marriages in 1875 was 33,095; births, 153,597; deaths, 106,673. Colonies. The transmarine possessions of Portugal in Africa and Asia have an aggregate area of 709,469 square miles and an estimated population of 3,306,247 inhabitants. The Cape Verd islands contain 1,650 square miles, and had in 1879 a population of 99,317. Stations in Senegambia, Bissão, and other parts of Guinea were reported in 1873 as covering 26 square miles and having a population of 9,282. Prince's and St. Thomas's islands are 454 miles in extent, and had in 1878-79 a population of 20,931. Ajuda is 13 miles in extent, with 4,500 inhabitants. The possessions in Asia are the colonies in India of Goa, Salsette, Bardes, etc., which were reported in 1881 as embracing 1,447 square miles, and containing 419,993 inhabitants, and of Damao and the isle of Diu, 158 square miles in extent and containing 61,474 inhabitants; Macao and dependencies, covering 28 square miles and containing 68,086 Miscellaneous manufactures. inhabitants; and Timor and Cambing, containing 5,527 square miles and about 300,000 in Total....... The principal classes of merchandise in 1880 were of the following values: COMMODITIES. Cereals.. Textile materials and manufact ures.. Metals Glass and pottery Drugs, etc.. Total.. The exports of wine to Great Britain constitute about one fifth of the total quantity imported into that country. The movement of shipping in 1880 was as follows: sail tonnage entered, 7,331,000 cubic metres, of which 2,258,000 cubic metres were under foreign colors; cleared, 7,637,000 cubic metres; steam tonnage entered, 3,278,000 cubic metres, of which 2,407,000 cubic metres were under foreign colors; cleared, 3,110,000 cubic metres. The Portuguese tonnage entered included sailing-vessels of 247,000, and steamers of 778,000 metric tons in the coasting trade. The merchant marine in 1881 consisted of 41 steamers, of 14,092 cubic metres, and 412 sailing-vessels, of 88,829 cubic metres. The length of railroads in operation in 1882 was 1,673 kilometres, or 1,045 miles. The length of telegraph lines at the beginning of 1881 was 4.369 kilometres, or 2,715 miles; length of wires, 10,889 kilometres, or 6,770 miles; number of telegrams dispatched in 1880, 1,121,384, of which 423,937 were domestic. The post-office forwarded 20,338,171 letters and 15,276,552 packets and newspapers in 1881. Army and Navy.-The army is raised partly by conscription and partly by enlistment. The effective is fixed annually by the Cortes. It was nominally 78,200 on the war footing in 1882. The actual strength in that year was reported as 26,059 men under arms. The navy in 1883 consisted of 31 steamers, with 94 guns, and 16 sailing-vessels. The only efficient vessels were the Vasco do Gama, an iron-clad ram with 10-inch plates and two 18ton and three smaller guns, and two corvettes. Finances. The revenue for ten years has averaged $25,000,000, and the expenditure $28,750,000. The budget for 1882-'83 estimates the yield of the different sources of revenue as follows, in milreis (one milreis = $1.08): Amount. 8,152,000 2,914,000 8,075,700 15,210,770 deficit in 1867-68 was 5,811,560 milreis. It was reduced to 1,156,000 milreis in 1879-'80. The Minister of Finance in 1880 declared that there was no control over the public purse, that the balances shown in the budget for the previous six years had been fictitious, and that the appropriations had invariably been exceeded, sometimes without the authorization of a special law. During those years over £9,000,000 had been obtained by loans. The public debt on June 30, 1881, amounted to 430,879,399 milreis, not including the old debt, of which 1,927,399 milreis remained to be converted in 1879, consisting mainly of paper currency. Of the new debt, 232,929,349 inilreis represented the internal loans, bearing interest at 3 per cent. The foreign debt at that date consisted of sterling loans to the amount of £43,908,900, or 197,950,050 milreis. In 1882 a new loan of £5,189,000 was issued. There is also a large floating debt, estimated as high as £4,000,000. In 1882 there were defaults in the interest of the new debt amounting to 2,978,469 milreis on the internal, and 3,139,689 milreis on the external loans. Political Situation. The republican agitation in Spain excited in Portugal the chronic discontent and hostility to the King, to a degree which rendered the political situation critical and grave. The Progressist party accuse the King of repeated breaches of the Constitution in keeping the Conservatives in office. The Republican party in Portugal is exceedingly numerous and energetic. The Congo question was made a ground of attacks on the Fontes ministry by the Republicans and Radicals, as the Delagoa Bay negotiations were in 1881. The changes in the ministry in October, though attributed officially to differences of opinion in relation to the Lisbon municipal elections, were rather due to the general dissatisfaction. The new members of the Cabinet were more liberal in their tendencies than their predecessors. A revolt of peasants occurred at Couero in October. It had its origin in religious fanati2,578,234 cism, and was only suppressed with difficulty by troops sent from Lisbon. 1,104,678 1,618,000 29,654,012 The expenditures are stated in the budget as follow: BRANCHES OF EXPENDITURE. Domestic debt........ Foreign debt Ministry of Finance the Interior Amount. 7,187,866 627,372 Sovereignty Rights over the Congo.-The Portuguese have shown an ambition in recent years to renew their ancient activity in Africa, and share in the labors and the fruits of the commercial development of the interior. Portugal's claims to the west coast between 5° 12' and 8° 5,951,455 south latitude are recognized in treaties with 5.763,870 Great Britain and France. These limits include 2,161,149 the mouth of the Congo. The activity of the 4,599,980 French in these regions excited the jealousy of 1,663,721 the Portuguese. When the French occupied 2,727,084 Ponta Negra, the captain of the Portuguese war-vessel Bengo, stationed in those waters, protested, under the supposition that the annexed district was within the territory claimed by Portugal. He sent a dispatch home asking for re-enforcements. The feeling aroused in Portugal by the French annexation tendencies shown in these regions was allayed when the 808.436 30,940,933 4,835,278 85,276,211 There has been no budget for thirty years without a deficit. The revenue during the same period increased about 60 per cent. The English Government manifested a disposition to oppose the establishment of French power over the Congo mouth. In November Chi Loango, as far as the river Luisa, which lies north of 5° 12', was taken possession of by the Portuguese, with the object, as was said, of having a river boundary, which would clearly define the limits of the territory claimed by Portugal. The Luisa flows ten miles south of the new French station of Ponta Negra. The entire territory, from the Massibi river to Molembo, was subsequently taken possession of, in virtue of a treaty which was signed September 29th with the Cacongo chiefs. POSTAGE. See page 185. POTTER, Henry Codman, an American clergyman, born in Schenectady, N. Y., May 25, 1835. He is a son of Bishop Alonzo Potter, of Pennsylvania, and grandson of Rev. Dr. Nott, President of Union College. His education was obtained chiefly at the Episcopal Academy, Philadelphia, and on leaving this institution he entered upon mercantile life. Not long after he relinquished business, studied for the ministry under his father's direction, entered the Theological Seminary of Virginia, at Alexandria, and graduated therefrom in 1857. He received deacon's orders at his father's hands in St. Luke's Church, Philadelphia, May 27, 1857, and priest's orders in Trinity Church, Pittsburg, at the hands of Dr. Bowman (Assistant Bishop of Pennsylvania), Oct. 15, 1858. His first pastoral work was as rector of Christ Church, Greensburg, Pa. In May, 1859, he became rector of St. John's Church, Troy, N. Y. In 1862 he was elected rector of Christ Church, Cincinnati : in 1863 was elected President of Kenyon College, Ohio; and in the same year he was elected rector of St. Paul's Church, Albany, N. Y.-all of which he declined. But, after seven years' service in Troy, he accepted, in 1866, the place of assistant minister of Trinity Church, Boston, Mass. In May, 1868, he became rector of Grace Church, New York, which office he filled with singular success for fifteen years. In 1875 he was elected Bishop of Iowa, but declined. He received the degree of D. D. from Union College in 1865, and LL. D. from the same college in 1880. He was secretary of the House of Bishops from 1865 to 1883, and also for many years was one of the managers of the Board of Missions, in the domestic department. In 1883, Bishop Horatio Potter having called for an assistant, the convention, which met in September of that year, acceded to his plea of age and infirmity, and with promptness and unanimity elected Dr. Henry C. Potter, the aged bishop's nephew, to the office of Assistant Bishop of New York. He was consecrated in Grace Church, Oct. 20, 1883, a very large number of bishops and clergy being present and taking part in the solemn services. By formal instruments, soon after executed, the bishop made over the entire charge and responsibility of the work of the diocese into the assistant's hands. The new bishop's cordial sympathy with clergy and laity and with every good work, and his signal success in conducting the affairs of a large and important parish in New York city, indicated a future of honor and usefulness to the Church. Bishop Potter's published works include: "Sisterhoods and Deaconesses, at Home and Abroad: A History of their Rise and Growth in the Protestant Episcopal Church, together with Rules for their Organization and Government" (1872); "The Gates of the East: A Winter in Egypt and Syria " (1876); and "Sermons of the City" (1880). PRESBYTERIANS. I. Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.-The following is a summary of the statistics of the (Northern) Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, as they were reported to the General Assembly in May, 1883; to which are added, for comparison, the statistics for 1881 (in which year the synods were consolidated) and 1882: Board of Home Missions.-Receipts, $504,795, or $81,406 more than the receipts of the previous year. The report of the board calls attention to the growing importance of its work in the Eastern States, where, in consequence of the constant changes of population by the removal of old inhabitants, the influx of foreigners, and the starting of new kinds of industries and of new manufacturing centers, nearly as great a demand for missionaries exists as in frontier regions. Thirteen hundred and eighty-seven missionaries and 133 mission ary teachers had been under commission, and 136 churches and 279 Sunday-schools had been organized during the year. The whole number of church-members was 78,669, with a total of 125,977 in congregations, and the number of members in 1,777 Sunday-schools was 120,936. Special attention was given to the maintenance of schools in the Indian Territory, among the Indians in New Mexico and Arizona and in Alaska, among the Mexican populations in New Mexico and Southern California, and among the Mormons in Utah and Idaho. Six new colleges had been organized in Minnesota and Kansas, and the Territories. Board of Education.-The receipts, $73,499, exceeded those of the previous year by $9,474, while the permanent fund had been increased by $10,000. Four hundred and eighty-six candidates had been aided in sums of $100 or $120 each; among them were thirty-five Germans, three Bulgarians, sixty-eight colored students, eleven Indians, one Spaniard, one Welshman, and one Hindoo. Board of Publication.-Receipts, $281,124; expenditures, $252,442; amount of sales, $195,420. The publications included 443,750 copies of books and tracts, and 11,947,319 of periodicals and reports. The sum of $49,983 had been received, and $42,077 had been expended, for missionary work. Board of Church Erection.-Receipts, $109,063. Appropriations of $104,594 had been made to 215 churches and missions, being an average of $486 to each church. A book of fifty-one designs for churches and chapels had been published. Board of Relief-Receipts, $105,566, besides $23,374 bequeathed to the permanent fund; amount of permanent fund, $300,410; number of beneficiaries, 486. Board of Missions for Freedmen.-Receipts, $103,741; amount of Endowment and Permanent Funds, $14,120; number of missionaries and teachers, 197; number of churches under the care of the board, 173, of which four had been organized during the year; number of communicants, 12,823; number of Sunday-schools, 156, with 10,771 scholars. Nine hundred and sixty-nine persons had been added to the churches on examination, and 1,359 persons had been baptized. The board maintained 60 schools, with which were connected 124 teachers and 6,995 pupils. Five of the schools were of the grade of academies or above it, including a theological department, and returned 1,856 students. Board of Foreign Missions.-Receipts, $656,237; expenditures, $669,620. The missions are among ten Indian tribes of the United States, in Mexico, Guatemala, the United States of Colombia, Brazil, Chili, West Africa, India, Siam (Laos), China, among the Chinese in California, and in Japan, Persia, and Syria. They returned in all 159 American ministers, 92 ordained and 133 licentiate native ministers, 286 American male and female and 585 native lay missionaries, 18,656 communicants, and 21,253 pupils in day and boarding schools. war. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America met at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., May 17th. The Rev. E. F. Hatfield, D. D., was chosen moderator. Fraternal delegates from the Southern Church were received for the first time since that Church was organized during the excitement incident to the questions involved in the civil A final motion was passed in respect to the restoration of fraternal relations with the Southern Church by the adoption of the report of the committee to whom the subject had been referred, to the effect that "fraternal relations have been happily established between the two Assemblies on the basis of a withdrawal of all imputations which may have been made officially from either side against the Christian character of the other, and no further action is necessary." A committee was appointed to meet a similar committee, should one be appointed by the Southern Assembly, to agree upon plans of comity and co-operation between the two bodies in regard to theological and collegiate education, missions among the freedmen, the occupation of territory, and other subjects on which questions may arise. The following report was adopted on the subject of the current rationalistic and scientific methods of examining and criticising the Scriptures: The General Assembly feels constrained to express itself clearly and decidedly on the rationalistic treatment of the Holy Scriptures by Protestant teachers in Europe, whose works are introduced into our country and whose evil influence is felt in our Church. Our "Confession of Faith" (Chap. I, sec. 2), after giving the names of the books of the Old and New Testaments, adds, " All which are given by inspiration of God to be the rule of faith and life." The denial of is a denial of their inspiration, and any teaching that the authenticity or truthfulness of the Holy Scriptures suggests such denial should be not only carefully avoided but studiously repelled. The Assembly would not discourage the full use of all light in critical study, nor does it assume that any erroneons teaching is welcomed or offered within the bounds of the Church, but it would warn all pastors and teachers of the danger to young and inexperienced minds in the free use of crude theories and unproved speculations on the part of religious instructors, and would remind them of doctrine the authenticity, integrity, truthfulness, and the paramount importance of sustaining in positive inspiration of the Holy Scriptures against the unsanctified learning by which an unbelieving world through nominally Christian channels assaults the Church of God. The Assembly would also remind the Presbyteries of their special responsibility as guardians of the faith, and that in view of the apprehensions excited throughout the Church by the rationalistic handling of the word of God, it is incumbent upon them to see to it that the appropriate constitutional action be taken, if at any time it should become manifest that any minister of our Church was promulgating theories of dangerous tendency or contra-confessional doctrine concerning the Holy Scriptures. A new board was established, to have in charge the interests of higher education as connected with the Presbyterian Church, and to be called "the Presbyterian Board of Aid for |
