ever large they may be, but here the validity of her action flows from the deed.

TEXAS. Separate property of married women is not holden for debts of husband, except for necessaries of family under certain circumstances; all property owned or claimed by her before marriage, and that afterwards acquired by her by gift, devise, or descent, rests absolutely in her, but under the control of her husband. She cannot convey her property without consent of her husband, nor can he convey her real estate without her joining in the conveyance.

UTAH.-Married women have no power to make a business

contract.

VERMONT.-When a married woman is doing business in her own name, and obtains credit on her own account, her husband may be sued for a recovery of the debt. A married woman is not bound by her covenant in a deed. The only valid contract she can make is for erecting, repairing, or altering buildings upon her real estate which can be enforced by perfecting a lien upon the property in the nature of a mortgage. The general tone of the law in this State respecting married women is that they have no legal existence.

VIRGINIA.-There is very little statute law on this subject, the general principle holding good (in the main) that a married woman cannot make a contract; but uniting with her husband, she can convey her title in real estate. The general common law doctrines, common to most of the States, are recognized as law here. The acts of a wife sometimes become binding on the husband, on the principle that she is his agent for the particular transaction, or where the husband has ratified similar acts or contracts.

WEST VIRGINIA.-A married woman can only make contracts in business when living separate and apart from her husband. She may hold in her own right any property that can be held by a man, who, by marrying her, becomes liable for his wife's debts contracted after marriage.

WISCONSIN.-A married woman may engage in trade with her husband's consent, and pledge her separate property for debts thus incurred. Is entitled to hold property which she receives from sources other than her husband. Is liable upon all contracts made upon the faith of her property or for its benefit, whether such liability arises by written or parol contract. She may sell and dispose of her property the same as if a single woman. The husband is not liable for payment of the wife's anti-nuptial debts. She may be sued for such debts, and all judgments against her may be enforced by execution. Her individual earnings shall not be subject to the husband's control, nor liable for his debts.

ANY person of sound mind and proper age (except married women) are legally entitled to dispose of their property by will. The party must be of full age to devise real estate. In many States, however, minors may bequeath personal property. The limitation generally for such purpose is for males, eighteen years, and for females, sixteen years.

To make a perfect and unobjectionable will, is somewhat difficult, but of the highest importance. Eminent lawyers, not familiar with this branch of the law, have made mistakes, and thereby caused long and expensive litigations. A sound judgment should be exercised in the use of language to make the will free from ambiguity and uncertainty of meaning. The intention of the testator (the person making the will) should be fully and plainly stated, and should say, in the beginning of the instrument," This is my last will," &c. If the testator intends to give the property for a certain number of years, or for life, or for ever, he should say so; he ought also to describe the property with reasonable certainty, as, for instance, "My house and lot known as No. Bond street, city and county of New York," or "My six houses and lots known as Nos. 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, and 91 Pear street," or "My farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Claverack, Columbia County, State of New York," or "My gold watch," or "My horse," &c., &c.

All wills must be made in writing, with the testator's full name attached, unless the person making the same be prevented by the extremity of his last sickness, when his name must be signed in his presence, and by his express direction.

In Alabama, California, Colorado, Dakota, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and Montana, a will must be attested by two subscribing witnesses.

In Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Sruth Carolina, and Vermont, by three subscribing witnesses.

In Pennsylvania no subscribing witnesses are required, provided the signature to the will can be proved by the oaths of two respectable witnesses.

A will may be revoked at any time by the testator, and another made, either by himself or in his presence, and by his direction. If the testator has made other wills, it is proper to say, "Hereby revoking all former wills," &c.

Witnesses should be selected with care, for if any question should arise in reference to the testator's sanity, or any other difficulty, their evidence would be the first takeл.

No person who is a legatee should be called upon to witness a will, or an executor, or any person interested in the will.

Witnesses should always write their respective places of residence after their name. Every person who shall sign the testator's name to a will by his direction, must write his own name as a witness to the will in the presence of two other witnesses.

Nuncupative (unwritten) wills are always unsafe; and, al though they are legal under any circumstances, they rarely fail to leave room for troublesome and expensive litigation.

Marriage and the birth of a child after the execution of a will imply a revocation of such will, of real and personal property, provided such wife and child were unprovided for; but in case the wife and child are provided for, by settlement or otherwise, the will is good.

The will of a single woman is annulled in law by her mar riage. But a woman may make a deed of settlement of her es tate before marriage which shall empower her to retain her right to make a will after marriage.

A sale of, or an agreement to sell, property devised in a will, is a legal revocation of such will.

Children born after the execution of a will, and not provided for by settlement, are entitled, at the death of the testator, to such share of the property as they would have had if no will had been made.

Any provision made in a will for the wife of the testator will not exclude her legal claim to dower also, unless such provision be expressly stated to be in lieu of dower.

A devise to a subscribing witness is void; but such devise does not affect the validity of the will itself.

The term heirs, or other words of inheritance, may be used in a will, but they are not called for by law.

Property may not be devised to a corporation, unless such corporation is authorized by its charter to receive bequests by will.

Bequests of property to aliens not authorized by law to hold property are void.

Incumbrances upon a testator's real or personal estate does not affect the validity of his will; but the devises and legacies therein are subject to such incumbrance.

All debts and other incumbrances must be settled previous to the distribution of the gifts to the devisees (the parties to whom the bequests are made).

The authenticity of a will must be proved before the Surrogate of the county in which it is made; should the decision of the Surrogate be unsatisfactory to the parties interested, an appeal may be made by all or either of them to the circuit judge of the Circuit Court; should the decision of the latter be equally unsatisfactory, an appeal may be made to the Court of Chancery; in case this should also be unsatisfactory, a further appeal may be made to the Supreme Court, whose decision is final; a record of which decision must then be made by the Surrogate. The cost and expenses of such appeal must be paid by the party or parties appealing, in case of his or their failure to impeach the validity of the will; but if he or they succeed in impeaching the will, the costs must be paid by the contesting party, either personally or out of the effects of the deceased.

No person can be an executor of a will who, at the time the will is proved, is either an alien, under twenty-one years of age, a drunkard, a convict, or deficient in understanding.

An executor of a will may renounce such appointment by an instrument signed before two witnesses, which instrument must be recorded by the Surrogate before whom the will was proved. Should all the executors refuse to serve, then power shall be granted to the residuary legatees, or some one of them, to act in their place; if the legatees will not serve, then to the widow and next of kin, if there be any; if none, then to any creditor of the testator; if none, then to the public administrator.

In case a man should die intestate (without leaving a will)

power to administer his property shall be granted in the following order: 1st, to the widow; should there be none, then, 2d, to the sons; should there be none, then, 3d, to the father; 4th, to the brothers; 5th, to the sisters; 6th, to the grandchildren; 7th, to any other of the next of kin. If any of the persons so entitled are minors, then to their guardians; if the relatives or guardians will not accept, then to the creditors of the deceased, the creditor first applying, if otherwise competent, to have the preference.

In case a married woman should die intestate, her husband is entitled to administer her property in preference to all other persons, provided he be of sound mind. He is liable for her debts only to the extent of the assests received by him.

In New York and some other States, if a married woman who holds real estate in her own name, dies without making a will, her real estate, if she leaves children, goes to them, but the husband has a life interest in the use of it; but if she leaves no children, then the real estate goes to her heirs at law, of whom the husband is not one.

A Codicil

Is an addition or supplement to a will, not revoking the existing will, but varying it in some way, or making changes in it. The original will must stand and will be recognized as the first disposition of the testator's wishes; but there may be several codicils, and all valid. The changes in a will by the codicil must be distinctly and clearly stated, and must be executed with the same formality, that is, in the presence of the same number of witnesses.

A Will of Real Estate.

THE last will and testament of A. C., &c. I, A. C., considering the uncertainty of this mortal life, and being of sound mind and memory (blessed be Almighty God for the same!) do make and publish this my last will and testament, in manner and form following (that is to say): First, I give and bequeath unto my beloved wife, J. C., the sum of Item, I give and bequeath to my eldest son, G. C., the sum of Item, I give and bequeath unto my two younger sons, J. C. and F. C., the sum of Item, I give and bequeath to my daughter-in-law, S. H., widow, the sum of -; which said several legacies or sums of money will and order to be paid to the said respective legatees, within six months after my decease. I further give and devise to my Baid eldest son G. C., his heirs and assigns, all that messuage of

each.