9. Sir William Temple being lately gone to live in Farnham, his garden and green-house at West Sheene, where he has lived of late years, are not so well kept as they have been, many of his orange-trees, and other greens, being given to sir John Temple, his brother at East Sheene, and other gentlemen; but his greens that are remaining (being as good a stock as most green-houses have) are very fresh and thriving, the room they stand in suiting well with them, and being well contrived, if it be no defect in it, that the floor is a foot at least within the ground, as is also the floor of the dwelling house. He had attempted to have orange-trees to grow in the ground (as at Beddington), and for that purpose had enclosed a square of ten feet wide with a low brick wall, and sheltered them with wood, but they would not no. His orange-trees in summer stand not in any particular square or enclosure, under some shelter, as most others do, but are disposed on pedestals of Portland stone, at equal distance, on a board overagainst a south wall, where is his best fruit and fairest walk.

10. Sir Henry Capell's Garden at Kew has as curious greens, and is as well kept, as any about London. His two lentiscus-trees (for which he paid forty pounds to Vesprit) are said to be the best in England, not only of their kind, but of greens. He has four white striped hollies, about four feet above their cases, kept round and regular, which cost him five pounds a tree this last year; and six laurestinuses he has, with large round equal heads, which are very flowery and make

a fine show. His orange-trees about fourteen feet wide, enclosed with a timber frame about seven feet high, and set with silver firs hedge-wise, which are as high as the frame, and this to secure them from wind and tempest, and sometimes from the scorching sun. His terrace-walk, bare in the middle, and grass on either side, with a hedge of rue on one side next a low wall, and a row of dwarf trees on the other, shews very fine; and so do, from thence, his yew hedges, with trees of the same at equal distance, kept in pretty shapes with tonsure. His flowers and fruits are of the best, for the advantage of which two parallel walls, about 14 feet high, were now raised and almost finished. If the ground were not à little irregular, it would excel in other points as well as in furniture.

11. Sir Stephen Fox's garden at Chiswick, being of but five years. standing, is brought to great perfection for the time. It excels for a fair gravel walk betwixt two yew hedges, with rounds and spires of the same, all under smooth tonsure. At the far end of this garden are two myrtle hedges that cross the garden; they are about three feet high, and covered in winter with painted board cases. The other gardens are full of flowers and salleting, and the walls well clad. The green-house is well built, well set, and wel! furnished.

12. Sir Thomas Cook's garden at Hackney, is very large, and not so fine at present, because of his intending to be at three thoupounds charge with it this summer, as his gardener There are two green-houses

'sand next said.

iu it, but the greens are not extra ordinary; for one of the roofs being made a receptacle for water, over. charged with weight, fell down last year upon the greens, and made a great destruction among the trees and pots. In one part of it a warren, containing about two acres, and very full of concys, though there was but a couple put in a few years since. There is a pond or a mote round about them, and on the outside of that a brick wall four feet high, both which I think will not keep them within their compass. There is a large fish-pond lying on the south to a brick wall, which is finely clad with philaria. Water brought from far in pipes, furnishes his several ponds as they want it.

13. Sir Josiah Child's plantations of walnut and other trees at Wansted, are much more worth seeing than his gardens, which are but indifferent. Besides the great number of fruit trees he has planted in his enclosures with great regularity, he has vast number of elms, ashes, limes, &c. planted in rows on Epping-forest. Before his outgate, which is above twelve score feet distance from his house, are two large fish-ponds on the forest, in the way from his house, with trees on either side lying betwixt them; in the middle of either pond is an island betwixt 20 and 30 yards over; in the middle of each a house, the one like the other. They are said to be well stocked with fish, and so they had need to be, if they cost him 5000l. as it is said they did; as also that his plantations cost twice as much.

14. Sir Robert Clayton has a great plantation at Morden in Surrey, in a soil not very benign to plants; but with great charge he

forces nature to obey him. His gar dens are big enough, but strangely irregular, his chief walk not being level, but rising in the middle, and falling much more at one end than the other; neither is the wall carried by a line either on the top or sides, but runs like an ordinary park wall, built as the ground goes, he built a good green house, but set it so that the hills in winter keep the sun from it; so that they place their greens in a house on higher ground not built for that purpose. His dwelling-house stands very low, surrounded with great hills; and yet they have no water but what is forced from a deep well into a water-house, whence they are fur. nished at pleasure.

15. The archbishop of Canter bury's Garden at Lambeth, has litthe in it but walks, the late archbishop not delighting in one; but they are now making it better; and they have already made a green. house, one of the finest and costliest about the town. It is of three rooms, the middle having a stove under it: the foresides of the roomsTM are almost all glass, the roof covered with lead the whole part (to adorn the building) rising gravel-wise higher than the rest; but it is placed so near Lambeth church, that the sun shines most on it in winter after eleven o'clock; a fault owned by the gardener, but not thought on by the contrivers. Most of the greens are oranges, and lemons, which have very large ripe fruits on them.

16. Dr. Uvedale, of Enfield, is a great lover of plants, and, hav. ing an extraordinary art in managing them, is become master of the greatesta nd choicest collection of > exotic greens that is perhaps any where in this land. His greens Gg3

take

take up six or seven houses or roomsteads. His orange trees and largest myrtles fill up his biggest house, and another house is filled with myrtles of a less size; and those more nice and curious plants that need closer keeping are in warmer rooms, and some of them stoved when he thinks fit. His flowers are choice, his stock numerous, and his culture of them very me. thodical and curious; but, to speak . of the garden in the whole, it does not lie fine to please the eye; his delight and care lying more in the ordering particular plants, than in the pleasing view and form of his garden.

17. Dr. Tillotson's Garden near Enfield is a pleasurable place for walks, and some good walls there are too; but the tall aspin trees, and the many ponds in the heart of it, are not so agreeable. He has

two houses for greens, but had few in them, all the rest being removed to Lambeth. The house moated about.

18. Mr. Evelyn has a pleasant villa at Deptford, a fine garden for walks and hedges (especially his holly one, which he writes of in his Sylva) and a pretty little green-house with an indifferent stock in it. In his garden he has four large, round philareas, smooth clipped, raised on a single stalk from the ground, a fashion now much used. Part of his garden is very woody and shady for walking; but his garden not being walled has little of the best fruits.

19. Mr. Watts's house and garden made near Enfield are new; but the garden for the time is very fine, and large, and regularly laid out, with a fair fish-pond in the middle. He built a green-house

this summer with three rooms (somewhat like the archbishop of Canterbury's), the middle with a stove under it and a skylight above, and both of them of glass on the foreside, with shutters within, and the roof finely covered with Irish slate. But this fine house is under the same great fault with three before (Number 8, 14, 15): they built it in summer, and thought not of winter; the dwelling-house on the south side interposing be twixt the sun and it, now when its beams should refresh plants.

20. Brompton Park Garden, be. longing to Mr. London and Mr. Wise, has a large long green house, the front all glass and board, the northside brick. Here the King's greens, which were in summer at Kensington, are placed but they take but little room in comparison of their own. Their garden is chiefly a nursery for all sorts of plants, of which they are very full.

21. Mr. Raynton's Garden at Enfield is observable for nothing but his green house, which he has had for many years. His orange, lemon, and myrtle trees are as full and furnished as any in cases. has a myrtle cut in shape of a chaise, that is at least six feet high from the case, but the lower part is thin of leaves.

He

The rest of the garden is very ordinary, and on the outside of his garden he has a warren, which makes the ground about his seat lie rudely, and sometimes the coneys work under the wall into the garden.

22. Mr. Richardson at East Barnet, has a pretty garden, with fine walks and good flowers; but the garden not being walled about they have less summer fruit, yet are therefore the more industrious in

managing

nanaging the peach and apricot alwarf standards, which, they say, upply them plently with very good fruit. There is a good fishpond in the middle of it, from which a broad gravel walk leads to the highway, where a fair pair of broad gates, with a narrower on either side, open at the top to look through small bars, well wrought and well painted, are a great ornament to the garden. They have orange and lemon trees; but the wife and son being the managers of the garden (the husband being gouty, and not minding it) they cannot prevail for a house for them other than a barn end.

23. Captain Forster's Garden at Lambeth has many curiosities in it. His green-house is full of fresh and flourishing plants, and before it is the finest striped holly-hedge that perhaps is in England. He has many myrtles, not the greatest, but of the most fanciful shapes, that are any where else. He has a framed walk of timber covered with vines, which with others, running on most of his walls without preju. dice to his lower trees, yield him a deal of wine. Of flowers he has a good choice, and his Virginia and other birds in a great variety, with his glass hive, add much to the pleasure of his garden.

24. Monsieur Anthony Vesprit has a little garden of very choice things. His green-house has no very great number of plants, but what he has are of the best sort, and very well ordered. His orange and lemon (fruit and tree) are extraordinary fair, and for lentiscuses and Roman bayes he has choice above others.

25. Ricketts at Hoxton has a large ground, and abundantly

stocked with all manner of flowers, fruit trees, and other garden plants, with lime trees, which are now much planted; and, for a sale garden, he has a very good green. house, and well, filled with fresh greens; besides which he has another room very full of greens in pots. He has a greater stock of Assyrian thyme than any body else; for besides many pots of it, he has beds abroad, with plenty of roots, which they cover with mats and straw in winter. He sells his things with the dearest, and not taking due care to have his plants prove well, he is supposed to have lost much of his custom.

26. Pearson has not near so large a ground as Ricketts (on whom he almost joins), and therefore he has not so many trees; but of flowers he has great choice, and of anemonies he avers he has the best about London, and sells them only to gentlemen. He has no greenhouse, yet has abundance of myrtle and striped philareas, with oranges and other greens, which he keeps safe enough under sheds sunk a foot within ground, and covered with straw. He has abun dance of cypresses, which at three feet high, he sells for four-pence a-piece to those that take any number. He is moderate in his prices, and accounted very honest in his dealing, which gets him much chapmanry.

27. Darby, at Hoxton, has but a little garden, but is master of several curious greens that other sale gardeners want, and which he saves from cold and winter wea. ther in green houses of his own making. His Fritalaria Crassa (a green) had a flower on it of the breadth of half a crown, like an embroidered

Gg 4

embroidered star of several colours; I saw not the like any where, no not at Dr. Uvedale's, though he has the same plant. He raises many striped hollies by inoculation, though Captain Foster grafts them as we do apple-trees. He is very curious in propagating greens, but is dear with them. He has a folio paper book, in which he has pasted the leaves and flowers of al. most all manner of plants, which make a pretty show, and are more instructive than any cuts in Her bals.

28. Clements, at Mile-end, has no bigger a garden than Darby, but has more greens, yet not of such curious sorts. He keeps them in a green-house made with a light charge. He has vines in many places, about old trees, which they wind about. He made wine this year of his white muscadine, and white frontinac, better, I thought, than any French white wine. He keeps a shop of seeds in plants, in pots next the street.

Jan. 26, 1691. J. GIBSON.

Sketch of the History of Sugar, in the early Times, and trough the Middle Ages. By W. Falconer, M. D. F. R.S. From the Memoirs of the Manchester Transactions.

of the old Testament*. The con quests of Alexander seem to have opened the discovery of it to the western parts of the world.

Nearchus +, his admiral, found the sugar cane in the East-Indies, as appears from his account of it, quoted by Strabo, It is not how. ever, clear, from what he says, that any art was used in bringing the juice of the cane to the consistence of sugar.

Theophrastus, who lived not long after, seems to have had some knowledge of sugar, at least of the cane from which it is prepared, In enumerating the different kinds of honey, he mentions one that is found in reeds, which must have been meant of some of those kinds which produce sugar.

Eratosthenes, also, is quoted by Strabo, as speaking of the roots of large reeds found in India, which were sweet to the taste both when raw and when boiled.

The next author, in point of time, that makes mention of sugar is Varre, who, in a fragment quoted by Isidorus, evidently alludes to this substance. He describes it as

a fluid, pressed out from reeds of a large size, which was sweeter than honey.

found in reeds in India and Arabia Felix. This, he adds, has the appearance of salt; and like

† Axe Christ, Ann. 325.

that