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ASTOR, LENOX AND CIVIL SERVICE NOTES.

TILBENbONDATIONS the navy yards (about 125 employments, suc as draftsm897 ordnancenen, machinists, calkers, oakum makers an spinners, dredgers, divers, drillers, &c., about 5,000 men), was put of a merit basis by Benj. F. Tracy in 1891. There are yards at Brooklyn Boston, Portsmouth, N. H. Philadelphia (League Island); San Fran cisco (Mare Island); Washington, D. C., Norfolk, Va., and Pensacola Fla., with stations at New London, Ct., Port Royal, S. C., &c.

Tracy's order was made permanent by Cleveland on Nov. 2, 1896. In the railway mail service the number of pieces distributed cor rectly to each error in 1884 was 3,872; in 1894, 7,832; 1895, 8,894 1896, 9,843. The drop to 2,834 in 1890 was caused by wholesale partisan removals in the spring of 1889, just prior to the introduction of the merit system in the railway mail service.

The number of persons examined from July 16, 1883, to June 30, 1890, was 86,678; (see page xvi); from July 1, 1890, to June 30, 1891, 19,074; to 1892, 19,460; 1893, 24,838; 1894, 37,379; '95, 31,036; '96, 31,179-total, 249,644; passed, 156,368; appointed, 48,421. The number of women examined from January 16, 1886, to June 30, 1894, was 16,802; 1895, 3,632; '96, 2,767-total, 23,201; passed, 17,038. Of the 73,000 postmasters about 7,000 are women, Virginia leading with over 500. In the Washington classified service about a seventh are women, with a much larger proportion in the unclassified. There are nearly 2,500 colored employés in the public service in Washington-classified and unclassified. Many colored men and a few colored women, graduates of colored schools and colleges in the South, have passed examinations and been appointed to office.

INDEX TO SECOND APPENDIX, ETC.

ADAMS J. attacks Mr. Lee, 237.
Andrews C. C. on consuls, 185.
Bateman N. veracity of, 244.
Butler P. rash speeches of, 236.
Butler Wm. nobility of, 247.
Butler's (Benjamin F.) two offers

of the vice-presidency, 241-2.
Cameron S. testimony of, 242.
Carroll C. power removal, 236.
Chandler Z. bluntness of, 246.
Chase Salmon P. ambition of, 242.
Clerks, governmental use of, 238.
Cleveland Convention (note) 246.
Cleveland G. mistake of (note) 97.
Dana Charles A. testimony of, 241.
Dilke on Victorian civil service, 181
Egypt, ancient, civil service of, 238
Ellsworth O. venerates President,

235; figurative speech of, 236. Frémont-Cochrane, nobility of, 246. Grayson W. unfounded fear of, 237. Grote G. historical notes, 116, 238. Hamlin H. forbearance of, 239-40. How John testimony of 247.

Huxley T. H. on comparison, 177.
Jones George, testimony of, 240.
Lamon W. H. on Lincoln, 84, 240,
243, 244, 247.

Lincoln A. wrongdoing of, 239-248
Maclay Wm. journal of, 233-238;
neglects to record "sundry ar-
guments," sublime sentiment of,
&c. (notes) 234, 237, 238.
Matheny Jas. H. testimony of, 243.
McClure Alex. K. refutes Nicolay,

239-242; notes, 241, 243.
Nicolay J. G. mistakes of, 239, 243.
Paterson W. power removal, 237.
Pettis S. Newton, testimony of, 239
Polk James K. journal of, 93.
Prentiss S. S. on spoils system, 176
Rice A. T. obligation world to, 242.
Sickles D. E. testimony of, 241, 243
Smith J. deceived by Lincoln, 244.
Socrates, political views of, 116.
Stone Wm. M. testimony of, 241.
Swett L. sent for by Lincoln, 240;
great sagacity of (note) 243.

PREFACE.

THE improvements in the revised editions of this work consist in two Appendixes and Indexes, the addition of fresh matter to about fifty pages of the text, and the correction of errors. The Appendixes possess much historical value, for they contain quotations as pertinent and interesting as any in the body of the book.

The increase in the scope of the civil service law by Presidents Harrison and Cleveland, especially the latter, has left little to be desired by reformers, except (1) the inclusion within the rules of the diplomatic and consular services; (2) the extension of "metropolitan postoffices to include neighboring fourth-class postoffices; (3) the adoption by State and municipal governments of the merit system; (4) the repeal of the 4-years' term law. When this is attained the struggle for civil service reform will have ended.

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In the State of New York, during the past eight or ten years, civil service reform has been greatly hampered by the interference of so-called political bosses." But as bad as this is, their interference (1) with nominations to office, (2) with general legislation, is worse. The dictation of nominations to office and the interference with legislation by irresponsible, unofficial, and corrupt politicians is a step toward anarchy. With corrupt politicians and their followers the words Democrat and Republican are meaningless, for they are actuated, as Franklin warned us (1787), solely by "two passionsambition and avarice." (See p. 88.) In New York reform in both nominations to office and legislation are now more needed than all other reforms. Nominations to office should depend on merit. Men of merit have filled legislative offices during the time mentioned, but they were the exception to the rule. It is time to elect men to the Legislature- not "boss"-ruled mercenaries. If men cannot afford to serve at present salaries, increase the salaries-tenfold if necessary. The State is able to pay for integrity and talent. In the Excelsior State legislative offices should be posts of honor-not of reproach. The usurpatory proclamation and also the bill referred to on page 245 were printed in the New York Tribune of July 11, 1864. NEW YORK, January, 1897.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

* * * THE warning of Story and Washington concerning the dangers of party spirit, should be read and heeded by every American. Parties, when they strive solely for principle, are the life of a nation; but when they strive solely for pelf, patronage, and power, they are its death. Even corrupt party leaders may destroy a republic; sometimes even ambitious leaders may do so. Did a nation ever strive harder to preserve its integrity than did our own during the slaveholders' rebellion? Who but ambitious party leaders caused that rebellion?

Some truthful words concerning the crime of buying and selling votes have been added to page 52. This evil cannot be too soon remedied. Voters should be educated up to a higher standard. The American who acknowledges any man as his political "boss," at the

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