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crete, 65-Hypostatising abstractions, 66-Secondary meaning of
'abstract', 70-Positive and negative, 71-Relative and absolute :
first sense, 73-Second sense, 74-Dangers, 75.
CHAPTER VI.-THE RELATIONS EXPRESSED IN
PROPOSITIONS.
Five fundamental relations, 77-Certain combined relations, 84.
CHAPTER VII.-WHAT PROPOSITIONS IMPLY ABOUT
EXISTENCE.
The two subjects', 87-Denials of relations and of existence, 89-
The conception of reality, 91.
CHAPTER VIII.—THE FORMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
Quantity and quality, 96—Ambiguities of quantity and quality, 98–
Undesignated quantity or quality, 99-Double quantity, 102—
Exclusives and exceptives, 103 - Disjunctives and hypotheticals, 106.
CHAPTER IX.-THE OPPOSITION OF PROPOSITIONS.
With common propositions, III-With exclusives and exceptives,
115 Symbols, 117.
CHAPTER X.-INFERENCE AND THE SO-CALLED LAWS OF
CHAPTER XI.-IMMEDIATE INFERENCE, OR INFERENCE
FROM A SINGLE PREMISE.
Conversion, 131-The traditional treatment, 132-The treatment by
diagrams, 140-A broader treatment, 142.
CHAPTER XII.-MEDIATE INFERENCE AND SYLLOGISM.
Limitations of deduction, 145-'Figures', 148.
CHAPTER XIII.—THE FIRST FIGURE OF THE SYLLOGISM.
General function, 150-Is there real inference? 152-Principle
and cautions, 155.
CHAPTER XIV.—THE Second Figure of the SylloCISM.
Function and general cautions, 162-Quantity in the second figure,
167.
CHAPTER XV.—THE THIRD FIGURE OF THE SYLLOGISM.
Purpose, principle, and general caution, 171-Negative relations,
174-Quantity of the premises, 175.
CHAPTER XVI.-THE ALLEGED FOURTH FIGURE.
Origin of the figure, 176-Three ways of dealing with it, 176-For-
mal reduction, 178.
CHAPTER XVII.-OTHER DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS.
Hypothetical syllogisms, 183—Disjunctive syllogisms, 186-Dilem-
mas, 186-Three forms of abbreviated argument, 188.
CHAPTER XVIII.—BLUNDERS IN WORD AND BLUNDERS
IN THOUGHT.
'Purely logical', 193-Two kinds of material fallacies, 195.
CHAPTER XIX.-THE FORGOTTEN ISSUE.
Petitio principii, 196—Includes epithets, 197-And circle, 197—
Ignoratio Elenchi, 198-- Includes ad hominem', 201.
CHAPTER XX. THE ILL-CONCEIVED UNIVERSE.
The assumed universe, 204-The confusion of universes, 208-The
neglected aspect, 211-The neglected member, 215-The neglected
whole, 219.
CHAPTER XXI.-THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INDUCTION
AND DEDUCTION.
Difference in limitations, 221-Difference in certainty, 226,
CHAPTER XXII.—THE UNIFORMITY OF NATURE.
How we come to believe in it, 228-Its two main aspects, 232—
Law, 237--Precision in uniformity, 238-The thing-aspect of this
precision, 241-Proof of uniformity, 243.
CHAPTER XXIII.-SCIENCE AND THE PECULIARITIES OF
THE RELATIONS THAT IT TRACES.
Twofold work of science, 244-Peculiarities of individual identity
and causal interaction, 245.
CHAPTER XXIV.-THE METHOD OF EXHAUSTION AND
THE SEARCH FOR PARTICULAR UNIFORMITIES.
Perfect induction', 250-Why we accept less, 251-Justification
practical, 252-When may we guess? 252-How problems and re-
lations are interwoven, 253.
CHAPTER XXV.-INDUCTION
BY SIMPLE ENUMERATION
AND THE SEARCH FOR CAUSES.
Analysis, inference, and explanation, 257-Analysis and clear
thinking, 259.
CHAPTER XXVI.-THE METHODS OF DIFFERENCE AND
AGREEMENT.
Different ways of exhausting the universe, 261-The method of dif-
ference, 262-The method of agreement, 264-Does either method
really exhaust? 265-Advantages of each, 267-Plurality of pos-
sible causes, 267--Two kinds of data compared, 270-Post hoc ergo
propter hoc, 272- Advantages of experiment, 272- Assumption in
experiment, 273.
CHAPTER XXVII.—THE JOINT METHOD OF AGREEMENT
AND DIFFERENCE.
Its function, 275-Compared with simple method of difference, 278.
CHAPTER XXVIII.-COUNTERACTING AND COMPLEX
CAUSES.
Counteracting causes, 281-Causes 'compounded' or 'combined',
283,
CHAPTER XXIX.-THE METHODS OF RESIDUES AND
CONCOMITANT VARIATIONS.
Quantitative treatment of causes, 287-Method of residues, 288-
Method of concomitant variations, 290-Cautions, 293.
CHAPTER XXX.-GROUP COMPARISONS, OR THE METHOD
OF STATISTICS.
Principle and uses, 296–Number of data, 300-Personal equation,
etc., 300- Preconceptions and interests, 302-Accidental selection,
304--Misplaced accuracy, 306.
CHAPTER XXXI.-MEANS, OR AVERages.
General conception, 312-Various kinds, 313-First use of average,
317-Second use of average, 320-Third use of average, 324—
Measures of error, 327.
CHAPTER XXXII.-PROBABILITY.
Why needed, 330-What it is not, 331-What it is, 333-What
value? 334-Why hard to estimate, 336-Caution, 337-Mathe-
matical principles, 338—Four more cautions, 340.
CHAPTER XXXIII.-OBSERVATION AND MEMORY.
Observation and inference, 343-Credulity, 345-Errors cumulative,
347-Unprejudiced observers, 347-Two classes of errors, 348-
Memory and its dangers, 350-What we remember, 350-Honest
lies, 352-Resulting commonplaces, 354.
CHAPTER XXXIV. THE DISCOVERY OF PAST AND
FUTURE EVENTS IN GENERAL.
The starting-point, 357-The limit, 358- Monuments ', 359-Cir-
cumstantial evidence, 361..
CHAPTER XXXV.-TESTIMONY.
Its importance, 363-Its unique value and danger, 364-Accepting, rejecting, and weighing, 364-Expert evidence; caution, 367-In- ferring without trusting, 371-More refined methods, 373-Who is
the witness? 376—Joint authorship, 378-How does he know? 384
-Hearsay, 384-Is he truthful? 386-Arbitrary tests, 386-
Character, 387-Circumstances, 388-Interests, 389-Consistency
and general probability, 392-Confirmation and contradiction,
393-The judge must judge impartially, 397-According to evi-
dence, 398-Must judge for himself, 398-Must have a problem and
make it definite, 400-Issue before evidence, 402-Must not be
managed by the witnesses, 403-Must not decide in a hurry, 404.
CHAPTER XXXVI.-THE THREE ULTIMATE TESTS OF
TRUTH.
Consistency, 405-Conceivability, 406-The third test, 409—Uni-
formity in the mass, 409-Analogy, 413-Absurdity, 414-Sim-
plicity, 416-The right to assume these principles, 421- The
limits of proof, 423.