CHAPTER VI.

SENSE.

To be distinguished from Sensation-Spontaneous and voluntary

determination of Sense-Mental process in Perception--Organs

of Sense, and the knowledge conveyed by each-Error of Dr.

Brown-Objections of Perception--Common and Philosophic

Doubts in respect to the comparative validity of the affirmations

of Sense and Consciousness-The Province of Philosophy--

Comparative validity of the affirmations of Sense and Con-

sciousness-Theory of External Perception-Theory Verified--

Theories of External Perception formed by Philosophers-Rea-

sons for these Theories-Objections to these Theories.

Distinction of Qualities as Primary and Secondary.

58

CHAPTER VII.

SECONDARY FACULTIES.

Understanding-Notions Particular and General

Elements of which Notions are constituted.

Contingent Elements-Necessary Elements-Substance and

Cause the fundamental elements of all Notions-Evolution of

these Laws not Arbitrary-Time and Space.

Errors of Kant.

1. In respect to the relation of Phenomena and Noumena to

Time and Space-2. Relation of the Ideas of Time and Space to

Phenomena-II. Identity and Diversity, Resemblance and Dif-

ference-III. The idea of a Whole, as including its Parts, or

Parts in reference to the Whole.

Kant's Anatomy of Pure Reason.

IV. The Category of Quantity-The Category of Quantity dis-

tinct from that previously considered-V. Of Quality-VI. Of

Relation--VII. Of Modality-VIII. The Idea of Law-Concep-

tions as distinguished from Notions-A Fact often attending

Perception-Mistake of Mr. Stewart--Notions and Conceptions

characterized as complete or incomplete, true or false-Mistake

of Coleridge in respect to the Understanding · ·

75

CHAPTER VIII.

FACULTY OF JUDGMENT.

Abstraction--Abstract Notions, what, and how formed?-- General

Notions, how formed.

Classification.

Forms of Classification-Classification, in what sense arbitrary

-Genera and Species.

Generalization.

Rules in respect to Generalization-The Term General some-

times used in a limited sense.

General Terms.

Theory of the Realists-Theory of the Nominalists-Theory of

the Conceptualists.

Understanding and Judgment distinguished.

Distinction between the Understanding and Judgment verified-

Observations of Kant-Relations of the Understanding and

Judgment....

..88

CHAPTER IX.

ASSOCIATION.

Term defined-Term Association, why preferred-The Associat-

ing Principle not without Law-Law of Association stated and

defined-Existence of Law, when established-The present Hy-

pothesis, when established as the Law of Association-A priori

Argument-All the Phenomena referred to the commonly re-

ceived Laws, can be explained on this Hypothesis-Phenomena

exist which can be accounted for on this, and no other Hypothe-

sis-Facts connected with particular Diseases-This Hypothe-

sis established and illustrated, by reflecting upon the facts of As-

sociation-Argument summarily stated-Explanatory Remarks

-Reasons why different objects excite similar Feelings in our

Minds-Application of the Principles above illustrated-Ground

of the Mistake of Philosophers in respect to the Laws of Associ-

ation-Action of the associating Principle in different Individu-

als-Influence of Habit-Standards of Taste and Fashion-Vi-

cissitudes in respect to such Standards-Peculiarities of Genius

associated with Judgment, or correct Taste-Influence of Writ-

ers and Speakers of splendid Genius, but incorrect Taste--

Danger of vicious Associations-Unrighteous Prejudices, how

justified-Giving Individuals a bad Name, spreading false Re-

ports, &c.-Influence of the associating Principle in perpetuat-

ing existing mental Characteristics.

98

CHAPTER X.

MEMORY AND RECOLLECTION.

Terms defined-States of Mind entering into and connected with

these Processes-The above statement verified-Principle on

which Objects are remembered with Ease and Distinctness-

Deep and distinct Impressions, on what conditioned-Diversity

of Powers of Memory, as developed in different Individuals--
Philosophic Memory-Local Memory-Artificial Memory.
Miscellaneous Topics.

A ready and retentive Memory-The vast and diverse Power of

Memory possessed by different Individuals--Improvement of

Memory-Memory of the Aged-Duration of Memory.........116

CHAPTER XL

IMAGINATION.

Definitions of distinguished Philosophers-Objections to the above

Definitions-Another definition proposed-Imagination and

Fancy distinguished-Another Definition of the term Fancy.

Imagination and Fancy Elucidated.

Preliminary Remarks-Elucidation.

Characteristics of the Creations of the Imagination.

1. Elements of Diverse Scenes blended into one Whole-

2. Blending the Diverse-3. Blending Opposites-4. Blending

things in their Nature alike-5. Combining Numbers into Unity,

and dissolving and separating Unity into Number-6. Adding

to, or abstracting some Quality from, an Object-7. Blending

with external objects the Feelings which they excite in us-

8. Abstracting certain Characteristics of Objects, and blending

them into Harmony with some leading Idea-9. Throwing the

fleeting Thoughts, Sentiments, and Feelings, of our past Exist-

ence, into one beautiful Conception.

Remarks on the preceding Analysis.

Remark of Coleridge.

Creations of the Imagination, why not always Fictions.

Sphere of the Imagination not confined to Poetry-Law of Taste

relative to the Action of the Imagination.

Imagination the organ of Ideals.

Idea defined Ideal defined--Ideals, Particular and General—

Ideals not confined to Ideas of the Beautiful, the Grand, and the

Sublime-Ideals not fixed and changeless, like Ideas-Ideals the

Foundation of Mental Progress-Ideals in the Divine and Hu-

man Intelligence.

Action of the Judgment relative to that of the Imagination.

Taste defined-Productions of the Imagination when not regu-

lated by correct Judgment or good Taste.

Productions in which the action of the Fancy or Imagination is most con-

spicuous.

Combinations of Thought denominated Wit, as distinguished from those

resulting from the proper action of the Imagination or Fancy.

Bombast-Burlesque-Sarcasm.

Propriety of using the Imagination and Fancy in Works of Fiction.

False Idea in respect to the Influence of Familiarity with the

popular Fictitious Writings of the Day-Imagination and Fan-

cy-How improved...

125

CHAPTER XII.

REASON.

Reason defined-Coleridge's Characteristics of Reason as distin-

guished from the Understanding.

Secondary Ideas of Reason-Idea of Right and Wrong.

This Idea exists in all Minds in which Reason is developed-

Idea of Right and Wrong necessary-Ideas dependent on that

of Right and Wrong, &c.-Chronological Antecedent to the

Idea of Right and Wrong, &c.

Idea of Fitness.

This Idea synonymous with Right and Wrong, &c.

Idea of the Useful, or the Good.

The Summum Bonum.

Relations of the Ideas of Right and Wrong and of the Useful

to each other.

This purely a Psychological Question-Nature of Virtue-

Happiness a Phenomenon of the Sensibility-Relation of

Willing to Happiness--Conclusion necessarily resulting from

the Facts above stated-Argument Expanded-Additional Con-

siderations-Argument stated in view of another Example-Re-

sult of the Discussion thus far-Other important Considerations

—The above Argument of universal Application—Obligation

not affirmed in view of the subjective Tendencies of Right or

Wrong Willing-Another General Consideration -- Mutable

Actions.

Ideas of Liberty and Necessity.

Ideas defined-These Ideas Universal and Necessary-Idea of

Liberty realized only in the Action of the Will-Chronological

Antecedents of these Ideas.

Idea of the Beautiful and Sublime.

Opinions of Philosophers--Considerations indicating the exist-

ence in the Mind of Ideas of Reason, designated by the terms

Beautiful and Sublime- Objection to the Universality of these

Ideas-Chronological Antecedent of these Ideas--Illustration

from Cousin--Explanatory Remarks.

Idea of Harmony-Reflections.

Mind constituted according to fundamental Ideas-Poetry de-

fined.

Idea of Truth.

Idea defined-Chronological Antecedent of this Idea.

Idea of Law.

Citations from Coleridge-Coleridge's Definition of Law-
Law, Subjective and Objective-Conclusion from the above--

Chronological Antecedent to this Idea-Apparent Mistake in

respect to Law--Theory and Law distinguished-Nature of

Proof-Fundamental and superficial Thinkers.

The Philosophic Idea.

Chronological Antecedent of this Idea.

First Truths, or Necessary Principles of Reason, as distinguished

from Contingent Principles.

Contingent and Necessary Principles defined and distinguished

-First Truths defined-Kind of Proof of which Necessary

Ideas or Principles admit-Statement illustrated by a Refer-

ence to the Idea of God-Idea and Principle of Reason distin-

guished- Axioms, Postulates, and Definitions.

Idea of Science, Pure and Mixed.

Idea of Science defined-Pure Sciences-Mixed Sciences.

Function of Reason denominated Conscience.

General Remarks pertaining to Reason.

Relation of Reason to other Intellectual Faculties-Through

Reason Man is a Religious Being--Reason common to all

Men-Error of Coleridge--Paralogism of Cousin-Transcen-

dentalism--Reason, in what sense Impersonal-Reason, in

what sense identical in all Men.

..156

CHAPTER XIII.

RECAPITULATION, WITH ADDITIONAL SUGGESTIONS.

Intellectual Faculties enumerated-Influence of the above Dis-

tinctions--Errors of Kant-Classification of Mental Faculties.

Remarks upon the relations of Intuitions to one another.

Intuitions cannot be opposed to each other-Different Intuition

Faculties cannot contradict each other-The logical Conse-

quents of no one Intuition can be in opposition to any primary

Intuition, nor to the logical Consequents of the same-Error of

Kant and Coleridge.

Secondary Faculties.

Understanding--The Judgment—The Associating Principle—

Imagination...

..200

CHAPTER XIV.

SPONTANEOUS AND REFLECTIVE DEVELOPMENTS OF THE INTELLI-

GENCE.

General characteristics of all Objects of Knowledge, and of our

Knowledge of the same-Distinct Apprehension conditioned

on Attention-Spontaneous Development of the Intelligence-

Characteristics of this Spontaneity-Characteristics Illustrated.